PSYC 1103 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture:I. Brief History of Psychology (continued)II. Research MethodsIII. Research DesignsIV. Experiment: Facial FeedbackV. Experimental IssuesVI. Correlational Study: TV and MortalityOutline of Current Lecture:VII. SamplingVIII. Research ToolsIX. Developmental psychologyCurrent Lecture:I. Samplinga. Has to do with how you get people for your studyb. You want to sample in such a way that you represent whatever population you’re trying to studyc. Who should be in your study?- Members of whatever group you are studying- Population: Group under study- Sample: Individuals who actually participate in your studyd. Random Sampling - In theory it takes everyone and picks out a random selection of individuals- Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being in the study- Difficult to actually pull off (you can never have a true random sample) even though the idea is simple enough- Population  sample- vs. random assignment (once you have the sample, how do the selected participants get placed within the experiment? Who’s going to be in the different conditions in the experiment?)e. Other sampling ideas- Stratification (things you know: education level, region of country, etc. and you sample people from these different variable categories)  you can get a better picture of the whole population than just by random samplingII. Research Toolsa. Huge number of tools available for data collection- Low tech1. Surveys (ex: SAT)2. Observation (watching people)3. Text analysis (been around for awhile development of new tech and algorithms for this) - High tech1. fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)(measure blood flow in the brain)2. NIRS (Near InfraRed Spectroscopy)(measures blood flow in brain too)a. Bright light being shone into brain; what isn’t absorbed is reflectedb. Uses physics of light to say what the stuff isc. Human tissue is translucent (wavelengths 650 – 1100nm)d. Color of tissue causes signatures in light absorptione. Color of hemoglobin directly related to the amount of oxygenf. Signature in the light absorption related to oxygeng. Ex: Helmet test thing to study brain blood flow in pilot; tech for airline pilots that detect when they get tired 3. Motion capture (markers you wear that knows where you are in 3D space. Sometimes magnet, wire, etc. The computer is fast and picks up where you are in space)4. Eye tracking (recent and popular. Track position of someone’s eyes while doing different activities)a. Gaze position shows what you are looking at (focusing on). Could be related to what you’re thinkingi. Mid point of pupil pointed at some object inworldii. Most use corneal reflectance (near infrared light bounced off cornea)iii. Reflected images analyzed to give pupil positioniv. Ex: baby camera thing to see where they’re looking in playroomIII. Developmental Psychologya. Study of changes in behavior and mental processes over the life course- Prenatal to Aging- Famously caught in Nature-Nurture dichotomy1. Modern approaches specify how development happens2. Not attributed to mythic sourcePrenatal Development- A huge amount of development takes place before birtho Three major periods: Period of the zygote (weeks 1-2) Period of the embryo (weeks 3-8) Period of the fetus (week 9 to birth)- Teratogens: substance that negatively affects prenatal development (there’s a window where you can get horrendous effect but after the window it wouldn’t effect as much. But some things are bad all the time like lead)o Lead (used to be in lots of gasoline, paint, etc.)o Cigarette smoke (secondhand smoke and smoking during pregnancy)o Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome; cognitive effects)o Pharmaceuticalso PCB’s (poly chlorinated biphenyls) (doesn’t go away or degradewell; toxic effects) (ex: dumped into Hudson River)o