earlyweek13outline.wpd 11. The Ancien Regime and Its Discontentsa. Old Regimesi. Britain and France as two types of monarchy; and as colonial/imperialrivals(1) legitimacy of taxation and absolute (Louis XIV’s Versailles) vs.limited monarchy (England influenced by republican Holland)(2) the Financial Revolution (1690s) and Britain (from 1707) vs. JohnLaw and extension of France(3) Hanoverians (George I–George III, 1714-1810s) vs. Bourbons(Louis XV, 1715-74, Louis XVI, 1774-92)ii. Habsburg Empire/Austria/Hungary(1) East of the Elbe (limited link with Mediterranean/Atlantic tradingsystems; problem of Asian invaders): slower development of thestate; large role of nobles, agricultural estates, lords over serfs(Poland as more typical), and weak merchant class(2) where absolute monarchy does develop, will be military based(3) Austria(a) Joseph II, co-regent from 1765, and ruler 1780-90, pursues“public good” influenced by Encyclopediasts and thePhysiocrats. Obsessed by reform. Enlightened Despot(surrounded by Enlightenment philosophes)iii. Russia(1) Struggle between Tsars (caesar) and boyars (nobles)(2) Struggles with Sweden 16th/17th cs., struggles with Poland 17th c.(3) after death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and Time of Troubles, 17thc., boyars unite to put Romanovs in power(4) Transformation under Tsar Peter I (1682-1725)(a) visits the West, 1697 (Holland shipyards, English armsfoundries, taxation/armies from Prussians)(b) Westernization (beard tax, St. Petersburg on the Baltic,nobles forced to build townhouses)(c) use of nobles in service of national army (change fromfeudal to modern state)(5) Catherine the Great (1762-96) promotes philosophes at Court andEnlightened reform of education system; yet still extended serfdomiv. Prussia/Brandenburg/Hohenzollern(1) from Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688) usesabsolutist techniques, build-up after 30 years war (1/2 pop. lost)(a) nobility (junkers) oppose direct tax, Fred. William gainsexcise from towns(b) est. greatest standing army in Europe, discipline like inCandide, collects taxes(2) Frederick the Great (1740-86)earlyweek13outline.wpd 2(a) role in 1740-48 and 1756-63(b) “first servant of the state”: inspected factories; worked onswamp drainage, new crops; but also forced peasants tomove for his new schemes; important role of bureaucracyas King’s servants.b. the Enlightenment (review) and Age of Democratic Revolutionsi. What? (1) application of reason(2) search for laws of human society(3) belief in progressii. Who? (1) intellectual and elite movement (like the Scientific Revolution)(2) J. Locke (1632-1704)(a) Two Treatises on Government (1690)(b) An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)(3) G. von Leibniz (1646-1716)(4) Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1735)(a) Lettres Persanes (1721)(b) The Spirit of the Laws (1748)(5) F. Voltaire (1694-1778)(a) Letters on England (1733)(b) Candide (1759)(c) Philosophical Dictionary (1764)(6) J. J. Rousseau (1712-1778)(a) Émile (1762)(b) The Social Contract (1762)(7) D. Diderot (1713-1784)(a) Encyclopédie (1751-1772)(8) The Physiocrats(a) F. Quesnay (1694-1774) and Marquis de Mirabeau(i) Tableau Economique (1759)(b) P. S. du Pont de Nemours (1739-1817)(c) C. Beccaria (1738-1798)(9) A. Smith (1723-1790)(a) The Wealth of Nations (1776)iii. Where? (1) France (philosophe)(2) but also Scotland, U.S.A., and rest of Europe (built on a view oftolerant, wise England)(a) later (with revolution) to South Americaiv. Scientific Reasoning: a new faith(1) value of Reason, as opposed to? v. Laws of Human Society (search for Newtonian laws of society)earlyweek13outline.wpd 3(1) science of wealth(a) discussion of common traits(b) Smithian economics, anti-mercantilist (building block =self-interest)(2) science of government(a) gov't contract based on reason and perceived benefit, notXtianity or ancient laws(b) Locke's Two Treatises (building block = man's property inand rights in his own labor)(c) Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws (1748)vi. Ecrasez l'infame (Attack on Conventions) and the belief in progress(1) against priestcraft and faith(2) Voltaire and attack on "artifice, convention, custom" but especiallyanything based on anything other than observation or deduction(3) Deism(a) attack on priestcraft, appeal to clockmaker