1!Diversity of Caryophyllids!. . . carnations, cacti, chenopods . . .![Tues lab –! you will finish mayapples, poppies, lotus lily, sycamores in lab]!Caryophyllids!The caryophyllid group is a strange mixture of plants including cacti, carnations, and some carnivorous families.!Specialists of deserts, salt environments, nutrient poor sites, and weedy areas – often with interesting physiological adaptations.!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Huge family, widespread but characteristic of temperate and warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.!!In Wisconsin we have 18 genera and 63 species!!Caryophyllaceae includes the pinks, catchflies, and carnations of garden fame!Dianthus deltoides!Maiden pink!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Many of the species are introduced (either by Native Americans or Europeans or later)!Gypsophila paniculata!Baby’s-breath!• either naturalized – well-established, often widespread plant that is not originally in our flora !• or adventive – only casually established, not persistent.!!2!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!• Mostly herbs with simple, opposite, entire leaves; nodes usually swollen!Note 3 way split, middle branch is oldest flower!• Inflorescence a dichasium - determinate inflorescence - or cyme (compound dichasium)!Dichasium! Cyme!compound!The dichasium inflorescence is terminated (i.e., determinate) by the oldest flower and flanked by two lateral younger flowers. !Caryophyllaceae - pink family!• Some fused sepals, others not!!• Petals often differentiate into a limb and claw, the apex is often notched!CA 5, (5) CO 5 A 5, 10 G (2-5)!Free central placentation = free standing placental column in single locular pistil on which ovules are attached, or axile, or both at same time!!!Capsule opens by valves or teeth!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Minuartia michauxii!(= Arenaria stricta)!sand rockwort!3!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Cerastium!mouse-ear chickweed !Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Stellaria longifolia - long leaved stitchwort! Stellaria meadia - common stitchwort!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Silene latifolia - white campion!Silene vulgaris - bladder campion with vespid wasp pollinator!Caryophyllaceae - pink family!Saponaria officinalis - bouncing bet, soapwort!European species becoming invasive!4!Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family!Family that is chiefly tropical and subtropical in distribution!!In Wisconsin we have 2 species of Phytolacca - one native!!Phytolacca americana - pokeweed!Shrub with alternative simple leaves!!Inflorescence typically an indeterminate raceme!• simplest inflorescence type is indeterminate !• oldest flowers at the base !• younger flowers progressively closer to the apical meristem of the shoot!!= a raceme!Raceme!Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family!Phytolacca americana - pokeweed!• No petals!• 2x as many stamens as sepals!• fused carpels but only 1 ovule per carpel!• berry fruited, bird dispersed, and a source of dye!CA 5 CO 0 A 10 G (∞)!Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family!Alice Tanksley Brown's Poke Salad!!Alice Tanksley Brown grew up in Mississippi, a state rich in pokeweed. She remembers Dr. Pruett telling her mother, “Widow, if you give your children a mess of poke in the spring and some sassafras tea, you’ll save yourself doctor bills for a year.” The good doc was probably referring to pokeweed's leaves purgative powers as they contain toxic alkaloids that should not be eaten in large amounts. Most recipes call for the green to be parboiled, at least once and sometimes twice, and for the water to be discarded.!The genus is poisonous, containing a dense array of chemicals used in a variety of medicinal treatments.!5!Phytolaccaceae - pokeweed family!CA 5 CO 0 A 10 G ∞!Phytolacca acinosa – Indian pokeweed!our non-native species – achenes!!Portulacaceae - purslane family!Family comprises small succulent herbs with small flowers except for cultivated species. !Portulaca grandiflora!Rock rose (Argentina)!Portulacaceae - purslane family!Portulaca oleracea – little hogweed, purslane !!Prostrate herb, leaves succulent; has been cultivated as a salad [‘oleracea’ = edible]!!Flowers are small, yellow, 5-merous!Capsule opens via a cap or lid!Montiaceae – spring beauty family!CA 2 CO 5 A 5+ G (3) !• 2 sepals, 5 showy petals, 5 stamens!• 3 fused carpels (note the 3 stigma)!• Basal placentation!• Fruit is a capsule “with a lid”!6!Claytonia virginica - spring beauty!Claytonia caroliniana -!spring beauty!Montiaceae – spring beauty family!Cactaceae - cactus family! A New World family; xeromorphic trees, stem succulents and sometimes epiphytic!!In Wisconsin we have 1 genus, Opuntia, with 3 recognized species!• Shoots are green and the leaves (typically) are modified into short shoots spines!• Spines are borne in distinctive areas called areoles!• Associate with irritating hairs called glochids. !Opuntia humifusa eastern prickly-pear!Cactaceae - cactus family!• Tepals!• Ovary is inferior and consist of 4 fused carpels with parietal placentation!• Fruit a berry (jam, wine!)!P ∞ A ∞ G (4) !Opuntia macrorhiza - plains prickly-pear!Opuntia humifusa eastern prickly-pear!Cactaceae - cactus family!Some species are threatened!Opuntia fragilis - brittle prickly-pear!7!large family (now includes Chenopodiaceae) !abundant in desert and semi-desert regions & weeds here!!halophytic - salt-loving,!many species exhibit xerophytic adaptations (succulence, C4 or CAM photosynthesis)!Bassia scoparia - summer cypress! Chenopodium album - lamb’s quarter!Amaranthaceae - amaranth family!C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism !Amaranthaceae - amaranth family!Flowers very small, greenish, perfect or imperfect (both monoecious and dioecious); congested inflorescences; wind pollinated!• Sepals only – persist in fruit!• Pistil with 1 locule and 1ovule – achene;!Chenopodium album - lamb’s quarter!CA (2-5) CO 0 A 2-5 G (2-3)!_!Amaranthaceae - amaranth family!Amaranthaceae - amaranth family!Amaranthus retroflexus - rough amaranth, pigweed, redroot!Froelichia floridana - cottonweed!8!Polygonaceae - smartweed family!Large, difficult family especially common in northern temperate regions – lots of generic changes!!!In Wisconsin we have many Persicaria (smartweeds), Fallopia (bindweeds, giant knotweeds), Polygonum (knotweeds), Rumex (sorrels, docks)!Persicaria