Newton Key, His 2560, Brummett, chs. 16-191. ch. 16 Global Encountersa. Iberian Golden Age (background)i. skip for finalb. Portuguese Empirei. Pepper, cinnamonii. Sea-trade-based empire(1) Gold Coast (1471), Cape of Good Hope, Straits of Hormuz (1509), Calicut andGoa(2) not land-based(3) war with existing Muslim tradersc. Portuguese in West Africai. Gold Coast(1) Elmina (the mine), Portuguese port from 1482ii. Kingdom of Benin(1) brass not gold(2) at first bans slave trade(a) later supplies Portugal with slaves to compete with surroundingtributaries(b) Slave Coastiii. Kongo farther southd. Growth of New Spaini. skip for finale. Iberian Systems in the New Worldi. Deeper penetration and settlement than Portuguese in Africa and Asia(1) Viceroyalties established in Mexico and Peruii. Economies(1) Plantations(a) from Canary Islands, to West Indies, to land around Caribbean basin(b) Increasing monoculture (one crop) based on slave labor(i) Portuguese sugar plantations 1) on Atlantic Islands (Madeira, Cape Verde, etc.)2) in Brazil from 1550s(2) Gold and silver mines, especially Potosí (Peru)(a) Importance of silver fleets to wealth of Europe and East-West tradefrom 1550s(b) Importance of sugar trade from 1600siii. skip rest for finalf. Beginnings of Northern European Expansioni. Commercial revolution(1) Europe swamped by (post-)Columbian Exchange and Asian goods(a) most are borrowed and then planted in Old World(i) potatoes, tomatoes(b) others continue to be imported(i) fish from the Grand Banks(ii) coffee, tea, chocolate (coffeehouses in England from 1650s)(iii) furs(iv) silver(2) from Mediterranean as center of European trade to North Sea(a) from Atlantic and Balticii. Dutch Empire(1) Dutch part of Spanish Empire which is linked with Portugal dynastically, 1580-1640(2) As part of their independence war against Spain, Dutch move to control EastIndies trade(a) take over many Portuguese factory/forts on African and Indian coasts(3) Dutch East India Company from 1602(a) joint-stock company(4) Java, Moluccas(a) dominance in spice trade(b) dominance for a while in slave tradeiii. English Empire(1) Importance of Jamaica and Caribbean(a) also fish from Newfoundland coasts(b) Virginia less important economically, similarly New England(2) (English) East India Company from 1600(a) Madras from 1639(b) Indian cotton and silk2. ch. 17 Absolutism and Limited Central Powera. Capitalism and the Forces of Changei. More Columbian Exchange(1) importance of tropical crops in European diet(a) rice, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugarii. Capitalist ventures(1) joint-stock companies(a) East India companies (see above)(2) state Banks(a) Amsterdam (1609)(b) London (England, 1694)(3) stock exchanges(a) London (1698)(b) Parisian Bourse (1720, 1724)(4) slave trade centers(a) Bourdeaux(b) Liverpooliii. Free enterprise (roots of industrial revolution)(1) Agricultural revolution of 17th-18th centuries(a) mainly crop rotation, use of manure, and enclosure(b) England and lowlands across the Channel(2) Industrious revolution(a) domestic (putting-out) system(3) Mercantile (trade) revolution(a) long-distance and medium-distance trade(b) banks and stock exchanges (see above)(i) boom-and-bust crises1) Mississippi Company scheme crisis Paris (1719-1720)2) South Sea Bubble boom-and-bust, London, (1720)b. Social Crises during the Capitalist Revolutioni. skip for finalc. Louis XIV: Sun Kingi. absolutism(1) Based on Divine Right theory(a) based on religious teachings/Bible(i) example, Louis XIV’s Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet (trans.English 1707)(2) As asserted by Bourbon kings, Louis XIII and Louis XIV(a) Louis XIII (reigns 1610-, assumes control when 15 from 1617-1643)(i) Importance of Cardinal Richelieu(ii) assert power over nobles and over Huguenots (that his father,Henri IV had tolerated)1) Estates-General ceases to meet from 1614-(iii) expand France to its “natural” border: the Rhine River(b) Louis XIV (reigns 1643-, assumes formal control from 1653-, directcontrol from 1661-1715)(i) series of rebellions, the Fronde, in 1640s when he is young1) learns never to trust the nobles, the people, Paris(ii) establishes Versailles palace outside Paris1) forces nobles to spend large portion of each yearunder his watch at Versailles(iii) resumes war against Habsburgs and Netherlands to consolidate(expand) boundaries(iv) revokes religious toleration of Huguenots passed bygrandfather1) quarters troops on unrepentant Protestants(3) Functioning of Absolutism under Louis XIV(a) Promotes mercantilism under finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert(i) bullionism(b) Reforms army(i) wars against Dutch 1670s, Dutch-English-Habsburgs (9 YearsWar, 1689-97, Spanish Succession, 1701-1713)(ii) glory of Europe (under threat after defeat at Blenheim byEngland-Savoy armies, 1704)(c) Reforms navy(i) move from Mediterranean galleys to Atlantic sailing ships1) supports French colonial empired. Other states based on French absolutismi. East of the Elbe (limited link with Mediterranean/Atlantic trading systems; problem ofAsian invaders): slower development of the state; large role of nobles, agricultural estates,lords over serfs (Poland as more typical), and weak merchant classii. German states, except Brandenburg (see below, rest skip)iii. Scandinavia (skip)iv. Spain and Portugal(1) Louis XIV’s Bourbon grandson, Philip V (r. 1700-46)(a) recognized by others by Treaty of Utrecht (1713)v. Habsburgs(1) Monarchy unites, but nationalities, languages, and ethnicity divides(a) Germans, Italians, Magyars (Hungarians), Czechs, etc.(2) Maria Theresa (1740-80) and War of Austrian Successionvi. Poland: noble democracy or anarchy?vii. Brandenburg-Prussia(1) Frederick William, the Great Elector (1640-1688) uses absolutist techniques(a) build-up after 30 years war (1/2 pop. lost)(b) nobility (junkers) oppose direct tax(c) Fred. William gains excise from towns(2) Frederick William I (1713-40)(a) est. greatest standing army in Europe, discipline like in Candide(b) army used to collect taxes(3) Frederick the Great (1740-86)(a) role in 1740-48 and 1756-63(b) “first servant of the state”(i) inspected factories(ii) worked on swamp drainage, new crops(iii) also forced peasants to move for his new schemes(iv) important role of bureaucracy as King’s servantsviii. Russia(1) Struggle between Tsars (caesar) and boyars (nobles)(2) Struggles with Sweden 16th/17th cs., struggles with Poland 17th c.(3) after death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and Time of Troubles, 17 c.,