Orientation to the Human BodyDefininitionsLevels of Structural OrganizationSlide 4Organ System OverviewSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Organ SystemsSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Other Necessary Life Processes and FunctionsSlide 17HomeostasisPowerPoint PresentationFeedback MechanismsSlide 21The Language of AnatomyOrientation and Directional TermsSlide 24Slide 25Slide 26Body PlanesSlide 28Slide 29SummaryOrientation to the Human BodyAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical PositionBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and AbdomenDefininitionsAnatomy •The study of the structure and shape of the body and its partsPhysiology •The study of how the body and its parts work or functionLevels of Structural Organization1. Atomic2. Molecular3. Organelle4. Cellular5. Tissue6. Organ 7. Organ system8. Whole organismOrientation to the Human BodyAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical PositionBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and AbdomenOrgan System OverviewIntegumentary (Skin)•Forms the external bodycovering•Protects deeper tissue frominjury (heat, sunlight, chemicals) and infection•Synthesizes vitamin D•Location of cutaneousnerve receptors•Waterproof, keeps insides wetOrgan System OverviewSkeletal•Protects and supportsbody organs (e.g. the brain)•Provides muscleattachment (anchoring framework)for movement•Site of blood cellformation•Stores minerals (e.g. calcium)Organ System OverviewMuscular•Allows for locomotion•Maintains posture•Provides for some organ functions•Produces heat•Necessary Life function: movementOrgan System OverviewNervous•Fast-acting controlsystem, focused, and transient signaling•Responds to internal andexternal change•Activates muscles andglands•Necessary Life function: Ability to sense changes and react (responsiveness)Organ System OverviewEndocrine•Secretes regulatoryhormonesGrowthReproductionMetabolism•Slower, longer lasting, and broader signaling•Necessary life function: ability to react (responsiveness)Organ SystemsCardiovascular•Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heartOxygenCarbon dioxideNutrientsWastes•Certain blood cells defend the body from microbes•Necessary Life function: delivery of nutrientsOrgan SystemsLymphatic•Returns fluids to blood vessels•Disposes of debris•Involved in immunity (body defense)Organ SystemsRespiratory•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen•Removes carbon dioxide•Regulates the pH of the blood•Gas exchange systemOrgan SystemsDigestive•Breaks down food•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood•Eliminates indigestible material•Necessary Life function: break-down of nutrientsFigure 1.2iOrgan SystemsUrinary (Excretory)•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes•Maintains acid – base balance•Regulates water and electrolytes•Necessary life function: elimination of waste from metabolic reactionsFigure 1.2jOrgan SystemsReproductive•Production of offspring•Necessary Life Function: Making more individualsFigure 1.2kOther Necessary Life Processes and FunctionsMetabolism – chemical reactions within the body (performed by all cells)•Production of energy•Making body structuresGrowth (performed by most cells)•Increasing of cell size and numberOrientation to the Human BodyAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical PositionBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and AbdomenHomeostasisMaintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibriumFeedback MechanismsExample of Negative feedback2. RECEPTOR andLow blood glucose6. In response to high blood glucose, this system deliversNEGATIVE FEEDBACKFeedback MechanismsExamples of Positive feedbackIncreasing levels of estrodiol (estrogen)and progesterone from ovary increase signal chemical output (LH and FSH)Suckling and baby’s cries further increase the “let down” of milk from the mammary glandsOrientation to the Human BodyAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical Position and LanguageBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and AbdomenThe Language of AnatomySpecial terminology is used to prevent misunderstandingExact terms are used for:•Position•Direction•Regions•StructuresOrientation and Directional TermsTable 1.1Orientation and Directional TermsTable 1.1 (cont)Distal Far from the point of . attachment, at a “distance” The wrist is distal to the elbowSuperficial Towards the surface or outer layer The nipple is superficial to the milk-producing glands Deep Away from the surface, inner layer The heart is deep to the breastboneWhat are the adjectives that refer to these parts of the body?Orientation to the Human BodyAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical PositionBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and AbdomenBody Planes(a) Sagittal (longitudinal); If down midline is midsagittal or medialCavities of the Human BodyTwo subcavities in dorsal (posterior) Two-three subcavities in ventral (anterior)What are the Quadrants and the 8 Divisions of the Anterior Abdomen?SummaryAnatomy and Physiology: DefinitionsLevels of Organization in A & POrgan Systems and Necessary Life FunctionsHomeostasisAnatomical PositionBody Planes and SectionsRegional Terms: Cavities and