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CU-Boulder GEOG 5093 - REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 i REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT GEOG 4093 5093 4 Spring 2006 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 REMOTE SENSING 1 1 1 1 Definitions 1 1 2 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING 2 1 2 1 Meteorology 2 1 2 2 Oceanography 2 1 2 3 Glaciology 2 1 2 4 Geology 2 1 2 5 Agriculture 2 1 2 6 Hydrology 2 1 2 7 Disaster control 2 1 3 CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS 3 1 4 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 4 1 4 1 Classification of EM waves 4 1 4 2 EMR used in remote sensing 5 1 5 PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 6 1 5 1 Electromagnetic Radiation EMR 6 1 5 2 Generation of EMR 6 1 5 3 Frequencies and wavelengths 7 1 5 4 Polarization 8 1 5 5 Spectral Radiance Planck s law 9 1 5 6 Stefan Bolzmann law TIR 10 1 5 7 Blackbody 10 1 5 8 Graybody 10 1 5 9 Emissivity 11 1 5 10 Wien s displacement law 13 1 6 DEFINITION OF RADIATION QUANTITIES 14 1 7 SUN S RADIANT ENERGY DISTRIBUTION 15 2 EMR INTERACTION WITH MATTER 16 2 1 1 Radiative properties of natural surface 16 2 1 2 Albedo and Emission 16 2 1 3 Transmission 17 2 1 4 Reflection specular reflection 17 2 1 5 Scattering diffuse reflection 17 2 1 6 Absorption 17 2 2 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS SCATTERING 18 2 2 1 Rayleigh scattering Molecular scattering 18 2 2 2 Mie scattering 19 2 2 3 Non selective scattering 19 2 3 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS ABSORTION 21 2 3 1 Vibrational process 21 2 4 ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT 25 2 4 1 Spectral Windows 25 3 PLATFORMS FOR REMOTE SENSING 26 GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 ii 3 1 AIRCRAFT 26 3 1 1 Operational aspects 26 3 1 2 Navigation 26 3 1 3 Ground control points 26 3 2 W HAT IS GPS 27 3 3 HOW DOES IT WORK 27 3 4 GPS SATELLITES 28 3 5 SATELLITES 30 3 5 1 Launch of satellites 30 3 6 ORBIT GEOMETRY 31 3 6 1 Description of orbits 31 3 6 2 Orbital time 31 3 7 ORBITS 32 3 7 1 Geostationary 32 3 7 2 Geosynchronous 32 3 7 3 Sun synchronous 32 3 7 4 Altimertic 32 3 7 5 Decay of orbits 33 3 7 6 Summary of the important satellite orbits 33 4 AERIAL AND SPACE PHOTOGRAPHY 34 4 1 CAMERAS 34 4 1 1 Single lens frame camera 34 4 1 2 Multi Lens frame camera 34 4 1 3 Strip camera 34 4 1 4 Panoramic camera 34 4 2 CAMERA OPTICS 36 4 2 1 Film exposure 36 4 2 2 Viewing angle 36 4 3 FILMS 37 4 3 1 Blue sensitive film 37 4 3 2 Orthochromatic film 37 4 3 3 Panchromatic film 37 4 3 4 Infrared film 38 4 3 5 Color film 38 4 4 OBJECT SIGNATURES PAN INFRA CO CO INFRA 39 4 5 RESOLUTION 40 4 5 1 Film resolution 40 4 5 2 Ground resolution 40 4 6 FILTERS 41 5 IMAGING SYSTEMS PASSIVE SENSORS 42 5 1 LANDSAT 43 5 1 1 Orbit 43 5 1 2 LANDSAT 1 ground track single day 44 5 1 3 LANDSAT 1 ground track multiple days 45 5 1 4 LANDSAT 4 5 coverage 46 5 1 5 Multispectral Scanner MSS 47 5 1 6 MSS spectral bands 48 5 1 7 Thematic Mapper TM 49 5 1 8 TM spectral bands 49 5 1 9 Landsat 6 50 5 1 10 Landsat 7 51 5 1 11 Orbit 51 GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 iii 5 1 12 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM 51 5 1 13 Dynamic range 53 5 1 14 Products 53 5 1 15 US Representative 53 5 2 SPOT 54 5 2 1 Orbit 54 5 2 2 Dynamic range and FOV 55 5 2 3 HRV scanners 55 5 2 4 Multispectral dispersive scanner Landsat 56 5 2 5 Push broom scan technique SPOT 56 5 2 6 Radiative Contribution in Remote Sensing 57 5 2 7 Multispectral Scanners Concept 58 5 2 8 Scanners Whisk Broom Pushbroom 59 5 2 9 Imaging Spectrometer 60 5 3 IKONOS CAMERA THE TELESCOPE 62 5 3 1 IKONOS Camera System 63 5 4 NOAA 65 5 4 1 Precursor of NOAA satellites 65 5 4 2 Orbit 66 5 4 3 AVHRR 66 5 4 4 AVHRR calibration 69 5 4 5 AVHRR data processing 69 5 5 DMSP OLS 70 5 5 1 Orbit 70 5 5 2 Operational Linescan System OLS 70 5 5 3 AVHRR and DMSP Comparison 71 5 6 ERS 1 ATSR 72 5 6 1 Orbit 72 5 6 2 Along track scanning radiometer 72 5 6 3 ATSR Scan Geometry and Microwave Sounder MWS 73 5 7 NIMBUS CZCS 74 5 7 1 Orbit 74 5 7 2 Coastal zone color scanner 74 5 8 GOES METEOSAT METEOR 75 5 8 1 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 75 5 9 PASSIVE MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY PM 78 5 9 1 PM radiometers 78 5 9 2 Raleigh Jeans approximation 78 5 9 3 TIR versus PM sea surface temperature 79 5 9 4 PM Antennas 80 5 9 5 Antenna TA apparent TAB brightness temperature TB 81 5 9 6 PM applications 83 5 9 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer 84 6 IMAGING SYSTEMS ACTIVE SENSORS 85 6 1 1 Introduction 85 6 1 2 Radar wavelengths 85 6 2 SCATTEROMETRY 86 6 2 1 Applications of scatterometry 86 6 3 SLAR AND SAR 87 6 3 1 Imaging 87 6 3 2 Penetration 87 6 3 3 Resolution 89 6 3 4 Distortion of the image 90 GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 6 3 5 6 3 6 7 iv Radar reflection 91 Radar Scattering 92 NON IMAGING SYSTEMS ACTIVE SENSORS 93 7 1 ALTIMETER 93 7 1 1 Altitude measurement 93 7 1 2 Range resolution 93 7 1 3 Types of altimeters 94 7 2 LIDAR 96 7 2 1 Advantage 96 GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 1 1 REMOTE SENSING 1 1 1 Definitions Collection of information about an object without coming into physical contact Measurements can be made from ground aircraft satellite Remote sensing is a technique to gather information The information is carried by electromagnetic radiation Remote sensing is the quantitative analysis of digital information Image interpretation from hard copies is a subject of the past Additional skills are needed in digital image analysis computer programming image display tools statistics With satellite remote sensing global change issues can be addressed by monitoring regional and global changes Scientist in various fields biology climatology geology atmospheric science chemistry oceanography and more are needed for this interdisciplinary work GEOG GEOL 4093 5093 1 2 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING 1 2 1 Meteorology profiling of atmospheric temp and water vapor measuring wind velocity 1 2 2 Oceanography measurements of sea surface temperature mapping ocean currents 1 2 3 Glaciology mapping motion of sea ice and ice sheets determining the navigability of the sea 1 2 4 Geology …


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CU-Boulder GEOG 5093 - REMOTE SENSING OF THE ENVIRONMENT

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