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UGA SOCI 1101 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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Early Sociology in AmericaSociology had it’s roots in Europe and did not become widely recognized in the US until almost the beginning of the 20th centuryBegan at the University of Chicago1st grad department founded in the 1890sMany of America’s leading sociologists came from hereJane AddamsFrom ChicagoDeeply committed to social reform; born into a Quaker family dedicated to the antislavery causeTraveled though Europe and observed the poor and how organizations tried to alleviate povertyOpened the Hull House in Sep 1889 with Ellen Gates StarDesigned to serve immigrant pop of Chicago’s 19th wardBecame known internationally for championing the rights of immigrants and fighting for child labor laws1931 won the Nobel Peace PrizeW.E.B. Du Bois1st African American to receive a PhD from Harvard in 1896Then went to Atlanta University, where he est. and was in charge of the sociology program until 1910Country’s leading African American sociologistHe believed that doctrines and theories had a strong effect on social conditions; he felt it was important to change the beliefs to improve the status of African AmericansWrote The Souls of Black Folk in 1903Blending sociology and economics, he described the injustices that had scarred the black experience in USTalcott Parsons (1902-1979)Sociologist most responsible for developing theories of structural functionalism in the USPresented English translations of writings from European thinkers, Weber and DurkheimIn his best known work, The Social System, Parsons portrayed society as a stable system of well-ordered, interrelated parts; his viewpoint elaborated on Durkheim’sRobert K. MertonInfluential proponent to the functionalist theorySocial functionsThose social processes that contribute to the ongoing operation or maintenance of societyManifest functionsThe intended and recognized consequences of those processesEx: the manifest function of going to college is to obtain knowledge, training, and a degree in a specific areaLatent functionsThe unintended or not readily recognized consequences of such processesEx: college is also a chance to establish lasting friendships and find a husbandParadigmModels or frameworks for questions that generate and guide researchSOCI 1101- Coverdill Exam # 1 Study Guide Topics 1-3Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective (pgs 2-21)Definition and main focus of sociology - Sociology: the scientific study of human society and social interactions - Main goal: to understand social situations and look for repeating patterns in society - Main focus is the group not the individual; attempt to focus on the forces that operate throughout society Types of Questions Sociologists tend to ask - Age, Socioeconomic level, and Ethnic characteristics - Are there differences? Why?Distinction between “personalized” and “sociological” approach to social issues - Personalized Approach o My laptop was stolen; I know 3 other people who are victims of theft; crime rate is going up - Sociological Approach o Bureau of Justice Statistics say crime rate is going down The Sociological Imagination - The relationship between individual experiences and forces in the larger society that shape our actions - The process of looking at all types of human behavior patterns and finding previously unseen connections among them - Ex: Marriage and age, income, religion, educational level - Focuses on every aspect of society and every relationship among individuals Social Darwinism - Created by Herbert Spencer (most famous philosopher of his time) - Applied to society Charles Darwin’s notion of survival of the fittest, in which those species of animals best adapted to the environment survived and prospered, whereas those poorly adapted died out - Allowed people to oppose welfare programs because they would be interfering with nature’s plan to do away with the unfit Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) - Wanted to demonstrate how the idea of evolution applied to sociology, biology, psychology, and morality - Most famous philosopher of his time - Believed that society was similar to a living organism o Just as the individual organs of the body are interdependent and make their specialized contributions to the living whole, so do the various segments of societyKarl Marx (1818-1883) - Revolutionary proponent of the political and social system seen in countries once labeled communist - His views on class conflict were shaped by the industrial revolution - Wanted to know why society produced such inequalities, and he looked for a way to improve the human condition - Believed the entire history of human societies can be seen as the history of class conflict—conflict between the bourgeoisie, who owned and controlled the means of productions, and the proletariat, who made up the mass of workers (the exploiters and the exploited)- He believed the capitalists controlled the wealth, power, and even ideas in society - He predicted that capitalist society would be split into two broad categories: the capitalists and the increasingly impoverished workers - The socialist system Marx envisioned would also require what he called “a dictatorship of the proletariat” a temporary govt in which the needs of the workers were protected, thiswould lead to a true socialist society - He contributed to the development of the conflict theory Emily Durkheim (1858-1917) - Produced the first true sociological study - His work helped move sociology out of the realm of social philosophy and into the direction of social science - 1895 published Rules of the Sociological Methodo Described what sociology was and how research should be done - Believed that individuals were exclusively the products of their social environment and that society shapes people in every possible way - Studied suicide; believed that if he could take what was perceived to be totally personal act and show that it is patterned by social factors rather than exclusively by individual mental disturbances, he would provide support for his point of view - Believed suicide rates were influenced by group cohesion and societal stability; low levels of cohesion-> high levels of suicide - Studied suicide rates in Catholic vs. Protestant countries; and after studied several other groups - 3 types of suicide: egoistic. Altruistic, and anomic o Egoistic: comes from low group cohesion, an underinvolvement with others (single and divorced people had higher


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UGA SOCI 1101 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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