BIOL 1107 1nd Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Water and Hydrogen Bonds II The pH Scale and Buffers III How Do Chemical Reactions Happen IV The 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics Outline of Current Lecture I Efficiency II Amino Acids a Monomers b Polymerization III Proteins a Why are proteins important Current Lecture I Efficiency Nothing in the universe is 100 efficient Plants are the most efficient substance using chloroplasts and mitochondria of animal cells also have high efficiency Why is octane a great fuel This is because of its linear structure causing the electrons to be shared equally therefore being efficient and great for combustion II Amino Acids Amino acids are monomers the simplest molecule form of a particular substance in this case a protein Amino acids break down into atoms In the universe there are 20 different amino acids each one consisting of an amino group and a carboxyl group If every amino acid has the same groups then what makes them different They differ in their side chains making each amino acid unique from one another Side chains change the reactivity of an amino acid how it behaves by altering the solubility how it reacts in water and therefore the pH how well it hangs on to hydrogen ions Side chains also determine the degree of how hydrophilic hydrophobic the substance is These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Monomers are linked together to form larger structures In order for amino acids to join together to build proteins a chemical reaction must occur This reaction is called dehydration synthesis a type of polymerization In dehydration synthesis reactions a water molecule is built by joining the amino and carboxyl groups Creating a water molecule fills valence shells with complete orbitals opening valence electrons to act in different ways Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration synthesis reactions In hydrolysis water is added to dissolve break apart the protein You can only synthesis a certain number of amino acids yourself so you must find Dehydration synthesis joins the H ion of another way to build the it carboxyl group with OH ion of the III Proteins amino group to form water Why are proteins so important o Proteins are involved in structure mobility catalysts enzymes repair signaling pathways and most importantly energy production If proteins are going to be used for energy then ammonia will be formed however ammonia is toxic to cells so it must exit the body as waste
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