CHEM 1211K 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 4 Lecture 1 January 14 Composition of Matter What is Chemistry What is matter and how do you classify it What are the fundamental building blocks of matter How are atoms related to molecules Chemistry is defined as the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules Matter anything that occupies space and has mass Classify matter according to its state physical form solid liquid gas and its composition basic components that make it up example CO Atom submicroscopic particles and the fundamental building blocks of matter Molecules two or more atoms combined in a specific geometrical arrangement Scientific Approach to Knowledge How do scientists learn about the world around them How do you classify observations What are the steps of the scientific method How can a hypothesis become a theory How can a hypothesis become a law What s the difference between a law and a theory Scientists observe the world around them and conduct experiments to gain knowledge Two types of observations qualitative and quantitative Qualitative observations that describe the behavior or certain characteristics found in nature Involve information gathered through your senses Describes how a procedure happens Quantitative observations that compare a behavior to a standard numerical scale Measuring something about the procedure Observations lead to hypothesis which leads to experimentation to try to see if hypothesis is valid invalid Hypothesis tentative explanation of observations Experiments highly controlled procedures created to see if idea is valid invalid Scientific Law short statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future observations Subject to experimentation Scientific Theory generalized model for the way nature is and why Subject to experimentation The difference between scientific law and scientific theory is what and why Scientific law explains what happens in nature scientific theory explains why things act the way they do in nature How is matter classified What is a pure substance If a pure substance can be decomposed into a simpler substance what is it called What is a mixture What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Matter is classified by its state and its composition Three different states of matter 1 Solid fixed volume rigid shape not compressible doesn t flow Crystalline atoms molecules form patterns with long range repeating order Ex sugar salt diamonds or amorphous atoms molecules do not have any long range order Ex glass plastic charcoal 2 Liquid assumes container s shape maintains volume not compressible flows 3 Gas assumes container s shape assumes container s volume is compressible flows Pure Substance made of only one component and its composition doesn t vary from sample to sample Two categories element or compound Element pure substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances Ex Gold Helium Compound pure substance that can be decomposed into simpler substances What is a mixture What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Mixture made of two or more components in varying proportions depending on the sample Mixtures are classified by the uniformity of its composition Homogeneous Mixture uniform composition throughout the mixture identical characteristics Ex gasoline water tea with sugar Heterogeneous Mixture composition varies throughout the mixture Ex wet sand chicken noodle soup What are possible ways of separating mixtures Decanting pouring off water into separate container Distillation mixture is boiled to remove more volatile easily vaporized liquids Filtration mixture is poured through filter paper inside a funnel to separate insoluble solid and the liquid What s the difference between physical changes and chemical changes What are some examples of physical and chemical changes What s the difference between physical properties and chemical properties Physical Changes changes that don t alter composition of matter just state or appearance Can be reversed Ex water boiling water freezing sugar dissolving ice subliming Chemical Changes changes that alter composition of matter creates different substance Ex rusting of iron gas burning Physical Property substance shows this property without changing composition Chemical Property substance shows this property after a chemical change and the substance s original composition has been altered Lecture 2 January 16 What is energy How are energy and work related How are kinetic energy potential energy and thermal energy connected to total energy What is the law of conservation of energy Energy the capacity to do work Any change in matter physical and or chemical results in matter gaining releasing energy Work action of a force through a distance The total energy in an object kinetic energy potential energy Thermal energy is also connected to total energy because thermal energy is a form of kinetic energy Kinetic Energy energy associated with object s motion Potential Energy energy associated with object s position composition Systems with high potential energy tend to change in a direction that lowers potential energy causing the release of energy into the surrounding area Thermal Energy energy associated with object s temperature form of kinetic energy Law of Conservation of Energy energy is neither created nor destroyed Energy can be converted from one form to another Total amount of energy always remains the same What does SI stand for What are the base units symbols and quantities Standard Units of Measure SI units What is the SI unit for temperature What are the formulas for converting temperature scales What are the boiling points freezing points and absolute zeros for Fahrenheit Celsius and Kelvin There are three basic formulas for converting Celsius Fahrenheit and Kelvin Fahrenheit to Celsius C F 32 1 8 Celsius to Fahrenheit F 1 8 C 32 Celsius to Kelvin K C 273 15 Celsius Fahrenheit and Kelvin have separate boiling points freezing points and absolute zeros Temperature scale Boiling Point Freezing Point Absolute Zero Celsius 100 C 0 00 C 273 C Fahrenheit 212 F 32 F 459 F Kelvin 373 K 273 K 0K Kelvin is true absolute zero What are some common prefixes What are their symbols and multipliers Prefix Symbo l Multiplier ex a peta E 1018 P 1015 tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 hecto h 102 deca da 101 deci d 10 1 centi c 10 2 milli m 10 3