Publication Type*Publication Type* The type of document or publication medium. In 1974, ERIC began to assign publication types (Pub Types) to each record. A maximum of 3 Pub Types are assigned per record. Publication Type ScopeBook/Products Reviews Book reviews, product reviews, software reviews. Books The physical format of the resource, whether hardback or paperback; when this category is used, a second one is always included, such as Opinion Paper, etc. Collected Works - General Collections of separate works, composite works, materials of mixed or diverse character or multiple focuses. Collected Works - Proceedings Records/minutes/proceedings/summaries of conferences, meetings, colloquia, symposia, seminars, workshops, congresses, etc. Intended for documents representing entire conferences. Collected Works - Serials Serial (entire), periodicals, bulletins, newsletters, newspapers, collections of articles, sections of journals. Does not include numbers in a monographic series. For individual journal articles, see Journal Articles, below. Computer Programs Actual computer programs in any form, e.g., "floppy" disks, tape cassettes, code listings, etc. Creative Works Poetry, literary works, essays, novels, short stories, children's books, satire and humor, anecdotes, fairy tales, children's stories, fiction, proverbs, facetiae, quotations, maxims, belles lettres, correspondence, etc. Performing arts materials, dramas, plays, scenarios (movies, TV), scripts, theatre pieces, musical scores, ballets. Dissertations/Theses Used when unable to determine more specific type, e.g., doctoral dissertation Dissertations/Theses - Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations/Theses - Masters Theses Dissertations/Theses - Practicum Papers ERIC Digests in Full Text ERIC Digests provided in full-text within the database record. ERIC Publications Documents published by any component of the ERIC system. Guides - Classroom - Learners Materials intended for direct instruction of the learner; materials presenting the substantive information that forms the content of instruction, e.g., instructional materials, readings, programmed texts, manuals, laboratory manuals, outlines, texts, workbooks, syllabi, study guides, orientation materials, textbooks, handbooks, exercises, learning modules, problems, resource guides. Guides - Classroom - Teacher Materials intended as guides for the teacher, e.g. curriculum guides, course outlines, units of study, lesson plans, teaching guides, leader guides, statements of behavioral objectives. May contain instructional materials, sample examinations, suggested learning activities, etc. Includes teaching tips, teachingtechniques, "How to Teach" materials. Guides - General Materials designed for immediate and practical use by students, teachers, orPublication Type Scopeadministrative or support personnel. "General" is used only when material does not fit a more specific sub-category Guides - Non-Classroom Techniques for support and administration, e.g., how to conduct a teacher evaluation; how to conduct inservice programs, guides for research methodology, etc. Manuals, guides/guidelines, handbooks - intended to providesubstantive information on "What exists" or "How to do it" for the educational support population. Booklets, pamphlets, brochures, circulars, notices treating or explaining various factual matters within the educational community, e.g., types of jobs available. Guides intended for teachers but not directly related to instruction, e.g., tips for better parent conferences. Historical Materials Histories, historical reviews, historical accounts, oral history transcripts, primary historical source materials and documentation Information Analyses State-of-the-art summaries (comprehensive treatments, overviews), trend analyses. Information analyses and syntheses, focusing on findings and not simply on bibliographic citations, summarizing the substance of the literature and drawing conclusions from it. Does not include annotated bibliographies. Journal Articles Indicates individual journal article. For entire journal issues, see Collected Works - Serials. Legal/Legislative/Regulatory Materials Legislation, legislative hearings and testimony, legislative reports, congressional documents, state legislature documents, laws, summaries of legislative action, lobbying position papers. Court cases, courtroom testimony, court decisions, legal decisions, legal interpretations. Regulations, regulatory agency materials. Codes, administrative codes, codes of student behavior, agreements, rules, policy statements, master plans, contracts (model), collectivebargaining agreements, and other materials governing the behavior of various groups. Standards (e.g., NASI, ISO, FIPS), specifications, accreditation standards, professional standards. Executive orders, Federal Register pronouncements. Does not include documents merely "about" specific court cases or legal issues. Machine-Readable Data Files Bodies of data encoded in magnetic, optical, or other storage media that are directly readable by computer. The data may be numeric, statistical, bibliographic, textual, etc. ERIC announces education-related data files (e.g., NCES files) that are available from third parties. Multilingual/Bilingual Materials Materials whose contents include equivalent or near-equivalent information in two or more languages. Non-Print Media Audiovisual aids, films tapes, recordings, cassettes, phonodiscs, videotapes, slides, illustrations, portraits, caricatures, cartoons, photographs, posters, models, flip charts, engineering drawings, flow charts, designs, plans, etc. Graphic/pictorial and other non-print representations, conveying meaning primarily through symbols other than words. Non-print items usually appear in ERIC only as supporting or collateral material to a printed document. Numerical/Quantitative Data Numerical data, quantitative data, statistics, statistical compilations, data aggregations, tables. Used only when quantitative data is present in large aggregations, e.g., as in NCES documents.Publication Type ScopeOpinion Papers Opinion papers, points of view, position papers, recommendations, "blueprints"for proposed action. Debates, interviews, panel discussions, questions and answers, dialogues, transcripts. Essays, short expository/speculatory papers, "think" pieces, philosophical pieces, criticism, interpretation, editorials, pros and cons. Reference Materials - Bibliographies