http://physics.colorado.edu/phys3070Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionClicker QuestionClicker QuestionEquilibrium altitudeBlob dynamicsThe ConcordeOther super-sonic aircraftUS ProgramThe Concorde FliesThe Concorde FliesThe EndThe SST rebornGlobal Wind patternThe normal atmosphereJudah Levine, 3070L33 1http://physics.colorado.edu/phys3070http://physics.colorado.edu/phys3070Judah LevineJudah LevineJILA SJILA [email protected]@colorado.edu303 492303 492--7785 (27785 (2--7785)7785)M,F 11M,F 11--Noon, W 1Noon, W 1--3 pm3 pmalso by appointmentalso by appointmentJudah Levine, 3070L33 2Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionReal exhaust contains water vapor and cools more slowlythan the value given by the adiabatic lapse rate. Because of thisA: real exhaust is more likely to be trapped at a low altitudeB: real exhaust is less likely to be trapped at a low altitudeC: the probability of being trapped is not changedJudah Levine, 3070L33 3Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionReal exhaust contains water vapor and cools more slowlythan the value given by the adiabatic lapse rate. Because of thisA: real exhaust is more likely to be trapped at a low altitudeB: real exhaust is less likely to be trapped at a low altitudeC: the probability of being trapped is not changedSince it cools more slowly, it is more likely to be warmer thanits surroundings at every altitude and so is less likely to betrapped by an inversionJudah Levine, 3070L33 4Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionIf a power plant cools its exhaust to improve the Carnotefficiency of the generator and so generate more power, then:A: this always increases the local pollution at low altitudesB: this sometimes increases the local pollution at low altitudesC: this has no effect on the local ground-level pollutionD: this sometimes decreases the local pollution at low altitudesE: this always decreases the local pollution at low altitudesJudah Levine, 3070L33 5Clicker QuestionClicker QuestionIf a power plant cools its exhaust to improve the Carnotefficiency of the generator and so generate more power, then:A: this always increases the local pollution at low altitudesB: this sometimes increases the local pollution at low altitudesC: this has no effect on the local ground-level pollutionD: this sometimes decreases the local pollution at low altitudesE: this always decreases the local pollution at low altitudesThe cooler gas is more likely to be trapped by any inversion.However, this may not happen for a normal cooling profile.Judah Levine, 3070L33 6Equilibrium altitudeEquilibrium altitudeAltitude →Hot gas blobAtmosphereUnstable atmosphere=A good thingTemperature →Judah Levine, 3070L33 7Blob dynamicsBlob dynamicsBlob loses particles as it rises – boundary is not solid.“Buoyant” force not really applicable to single particlesJudah Levine, 3070L33 8End ofthe line →Judah Levine, 3070L33 9UV-b (300 nm)Heating →Judah Levine, 3070L33 10Commercial flightsJudah Levine, 3070L33 11Concorde, SSTJudah Levine, 3070L33 12The ConcordeThe ConcordeConcorde: British/French joint design started in 1962Air friction limits size to about 100 passengersLondon-New York in about 3 hoursAbout one-third of the time of cotemporary flightsJudah Levine, 3070L33 13Other superOther super--sonic aircraftsonic aircraftCongress funded US SST design: Lockheed L-2000Boeing 2707Soviets start to design Tu-144 All designs have large cost over-runsJudah Levine, 3070L33 14US ProgramUS ProgramFederal funding stopped in 1971:Environmental concerns play a role:> pollution in the stratosphere> “sonic booms” on the groundJudah Levine, 3070L33 15The Concorde FliesThe Concorde FliesConcorde ready for service about 1971: allowed in Wash., D.C.but banned from NY (eventually allowed with restrictions)Daily flights: London-Washington and Paris-New YorkJudah Levine, 3070L33 16The Concorde FliesThe Concorde FliesConcorde ready for service about 1971: allowed in Wash., D.C.but banned from NY (eventually allowed with restrictions)Daily flights: London-Washington and Paris-New YorkCan’t compete on operating costs with Boeing 747Judah Levine, 3070L33 17The EndThe EndConcorde crashed on takeoff from Paris/Charles de Gaullein July, 2000started flying again in 2002 after major modificationsConcorde stopped November, 2003Problem: too few passengers to recover costsJudah Levine, 3070L33 18The SST rebornThe SST rebornJapanese – French consortium: design ready by 2015300 seats, Tokyo-New York in 6 hoursSupersonic business jet: Russian Tu-444Effect on the stratosphere?Judah Levine, 3070L33 19Global Wind patternGlobal Wind patternEquatorSolarheatingJudah Levine, 3070L33 20Our giftto CanadaJudah Levine, 3070L33 21The normal atmosphereThe normal atmosphereNitrogen 78.08% 780,800 ppmOxygen 20.95% 209,500 ppmArgon 0.93% 9,300 ppmTotal 99.96% 999,600 ppmCO20.0315% 315
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