48_lol_chemistry.docx Bio 48 – Human Physiology Biology 48 - Human Physiology Lecture Summary Sheet - Norris Biomolecules: Chemistry Review & Organic Molecules I. Definitions A. Matter B. Energy II. Composition of Matter A. Atomic Structure 1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons III Chemical Interactions - Bonds A. Ionic Bonds B. Covalent Bonds C. Hydrogen Bonds D. Chemical reactions synthesis (endergonic, anabolic) decomposition (exergonic, catabolic) IV. Biochemistry - the chemistry of living things A. Important Inorganic Compounds: 1. Water: 2. Salts: 3. Acids and Bases: pH = -log [H+] 4. Buffers (may be inorganic, organic or other) C. Important Organic Compounds - defined as having a carbon "backbone" (often forming a chain or ring). Organic molecules are distinguished by their three dimensional structure and the functional groups attached to the carbon "backbone". Four major categories of organic molecules are recognized based on their similar structures and chemical properties: 1. Carbohydrates (hydrated carbon: C + H2O) = structure and energy storage a. monosaccharide (monomer) b. disaccharides (i.e. sucrose, lactose, maltose…)48_lol_chemistry.docx Bio 48 – Human Physiology c. polysaccharide (polymer) - starch - glycogen - cellulose 2. Lipids (all are non-polar) = structure and energy storage a. triglycerides (neutral fats) b. phospholipids c. steroids d. eicosanoids (i.e. prostaglandins) 3. Proteins = workhorse of the cell a. amino acids (monomer) b. polypeptide (polymer) c. protein (polymer) i. primary structure ii. secondary structure iii. tertiary structure iv. quaternary structure (if more than 1 AA chain) 4. Nucleic Acids = information or energy carrier a. nucleotides (monomer) - pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) - phosphate - nitrogen base b. nucleic acids (polymer) V. Solutions a. solute & solvent b. concentration VI. Additional Key Terms (FYI) anabolic base catabolic catalyst condensation dissociation electron shell endergonic equilibrium exergonic hydrolysis hydrophilic hydrophobic ionization mole monomer pH product radioisotope reactant48_lol_chemistry.docx Bio 48 – Human Physiology Study Questions – Chemistry: 1. Define “matter” and “energy”. 2. What is an atom? 3. Describe each of the subatomic particles (protons, neutrons & electrons) in terms of where they are found, their characteristics, and their contribution to the atoms properties 4. Define “atomic number” and “atomic weight”. Where are these values found on the periodic chart? 5. Describe the characteristics of ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds. 6. Describe the factors that influence the rates of chemical reactions. 7. Group the following terms into related categories: synthesis, decomposition, anabolic, endergonic, exergonic, catabolic, exothermic, endothermic. 8. What characterizes and distinguishes organic and inorganic molecules? 9. Describe the characteristics of water. 10. Describe the characteristics of salts. 11. Describe the characteristics of acids and bases. 12. Describe the characteristics of buffers. 13. Define “monomer” and “polymer”. 14. What are the monomers of carbohydrates called? 15. Describe three types of carbohydrate polymers. 16. What are some of the roles of carbohydrates in living things. 17. Describe the general characteristics of lipids. 18. Compare and contrast between triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids. 19. What are the monomers of proteins called? 20. What are the polymers of proteins called? 21. Describe the different levels of protein structure. 22. What is the significance of hydrogen bonds to protein structure? 23. What is the significance of hydrogen bonds to protein function? 24. What is the general role of protein in living things? 25. What are the monomers of nucleic acids called? 26. What are these monomers made of? 27. Name two types of nucleic acid polymer. (describe the different forms) 28. What is the roll of nucleic acids in living