Main ThemesEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesMetallurgy & Advanced Horticultural SocietiesCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesHorticultural Expansions & World LanguagesReconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE)Emergence of Horticulture in the New WorldSoci111 – Human SocietiesModule 10 – Horticultural SocietiesFrançois NielsenUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillSpring 2007OutlineMain ThemesEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesMetallurgy & Advanced Horticultural SocietiesCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesHorticultural Expansions & World LanguagesReconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE)Emergence of Horticulture in the New WorldMain ThemesIcauses of the first switch from hunting & gathering tohorticulture (plant cultivation) ca 8,000 BCIcauses of the invention of metallurgy as a consequenceof the shift to horticultureI5 distinctive characteristics of horticultural societies,their interrelationships, and origin in horticulturaltechnologyIeffect of adoption of horticultural technology on vastpopulations expansions (demic expansions) causingintensive intersocietal selection, includingIBantu expansionIAustronesian expansionIperhaps Indo-European expansion?Iemergence of horticulture in the New World as a test ofecological-evolutionary theoryEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesHorticultural TechnologyIhorticulture from Latinhortus = “garden”Ia.k.a. swidden orslash-and-burn farmingI= husbandry & plantcultivation with hoe &digging-stick (no plow)Iemerges ca 8,000 BC(10,000 BP)Emergence of Horticultural SocietiesCauses of Emergence of Horticultural SocietiesIhorticultural societies emerge about 8,000 BC first inNear East (=“Middle East”)Iolder view: humans chose to adopt a better subsistencetechnologyImodern view: humans were forced to switch tohorticulture, becauseIdepletion of big game animals caused by progress inhunting technologyIglobal warming (end of last ice age) making plantcultivation possibleEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesOne Clue to Causes of Emergence of Horticulture: Disappearance of NorthAmerican MammalsIpattern ofdisappearance ofNorth AmericanmammalsIbetween 14kyaand 6kyaIdue to humanactivities?Emergence of Horticultural SocietiesCauses of Shift from H&G to HorticultureEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesIndependent Centers of Early Domestication of Plants & AnimalsEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesThree Centers of Early Horticulture: Principal Domesticated SpeciesEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesEarly Horticultural Societies in Near EastMetallurgy & Advanced Horticultural SocietiesInvention of MetallurgyInvention of metallurgyIfirst copper, and later bronzeImarks transition from simple to advanced horticulturalsocietiesIultimately caused by adoption of horticultureIfollowing long chain of causes and effectsIas direct consequence of use of kilnsMetallurgy & Advanced Horticultural SocietiesCauses of the Invention of MetallurgyImore permanentsettlementsI→ beginning ofpotteryIhow to make aclay pot without awheel?Ijust the way youthought!Imake a snake,etc. . .Metallurgy & Advanced Horticultural SocietiesHow Invention of Metallurgy Was Ultimately Caused by Shift from H&G toHorticultureEmergence of Horticultural SocietiesReview QuestionsIQ – What are the causes of the emergence ofhorticultural societies? Is increasing human intelligenceone of them?IQ – How reasonable is it to argue that the moresedentary lifestyle associated with horticulturaltechnology is an indirect cause of the invention ofmetallurgy?Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesFive Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesHorticultural technology primary cause of some of thecommon characteristics of horticultural societies. TheseincludeIcultivation primarily a female responsibilityIhigh incidence of matrilinealityIhigh incidence of warfareIhigh incidence of ancestor worshipIhigh incidence of slaveryThese characteristics are causally interrelated (next slide)Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesHow Characteristics of Horticultural Societies Are InterrelatedCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesCultivation by Women: Comparative EvidenceCultivation is more often a female responsibility inhorticultural societies than in agrarian societiesTable: Division of Labor Between the Sexes by Type of SocietyType ofsociety:Cultivationprimarilya femaleresponsi-bilityBothsexesshareequallyCultivationprimarilya maleresponsi-bilityTotal N ofsocietiesHorticultural 39 33 28 100 389Agrarian 8 33 59 100 100Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesMatrilineality: Comparative Evidence ITable: Percentage of SocietiesMatrilineal, by Type of SocietyType ofsociety:Matrilineal(%)NH&G 7 TBASimple Hort. 24 TBAAdvanced Hort. 12 TBAAgrarian 4 TBAImatrilineality =tracing of descentthrough thematernal line (notthe same asmatriarchy)Ialthough generallyrare, matrilinealitymore commonamonghorticulturalsocietiesCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesMatrilineality: Comparative Evidence IIAmong simple horticultural societies likelihood ofmatrilineality declines as % subsistence from hunting &herding increasesTable: Matrilineality by % Subsistence from Hunting & Herding(Simple Horticultural Societies)Subsistence fromhunting &herding (%)Matrilineal (%) N societies26 or more 14 2916 to 25 24 5415 or less 30 60Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesFrequency of Warfare: Comparative EvidenceWarfare is more frequent in horticultural than in h&gsocietiesTable: Incidence of Warfare by Type of SocietyType ofsociety:Warfareperpetual(%)Warfarecommon(%)Warfarerare orabsent(%)N ofsocietiesH & G 0 27 73 22Simplehorticul-tural5 55 41 22Advancedhorticul-tural34 48 17 29Characteristics of Horticultural SocietiesAncestor Worship: Comparative EvidenceCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesSlavery: Comparative EvidenceCharacteristics of Horticultural SocietiesReview QuestionsIQ – What is the division of labor between the sexes withrespect to plant cultivation in horticultural societies?IQ – Which of the following items of culture are morelikely to be present in a horticultural society than in ahunting & gathering society, or vice-versa?Ichildren trained to be independent and self-reliantIancestor worshipIart and religionIwarfareIceremonial cannibalismIsharingIslaveryIprivate ownership of landIit is profitable to conquer other societiesIanimismIgames of strategyHorticultural Expansions & World LanguagesWave of Advance Model: Population Density & SubsistenceTable: Median Population Density, byType of