Fall 2006 File managementDocument preparation in Unix☞ TEXand LATEX☞ graphviz☞ xfig☞ xv☞ spell checkers☞ printingCOP 4342Fall 2006 File managementWord ProcessorsWord proce ssors, such as Microsoft’s WordrandOpenOffice’s Writer, use the WYSIWYG model:☞ Word process ors are interactive.☞ Word process ors are relatively easier to learn☞ Word processors are very useful for those who need todo simple documents occasionally.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementText formattersText formatters, such as TEX/LATEX, use the modelof “markup”, where text is decorated with markupcommands and then processed by a program; outputcan then be viewed.Characte ristics, then, of text formatting:☞ It tends to be batch-oriented☞ Generally better control over the outputCOP 4342Fall 2006 File management☞ Output generally looks better☞ Much better for creating longer documents☞ Much better for creating long-life documents☞ Much better for creating series of related documents☞ Having the source in text means that other text toolscan be applied to the source.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementTEXand LATEXTEXwas invented in the late 1970s by Donald Knuth.The first generally useful release was probably TeX82 in1982, though the language wasn’t frozen until 1989.It was created to make nice mathematical documents,with emphasis on mathematical fonts since many of theeasily available ones for electronic production were nothigh quality.LATEXwas invented in 1985 by Leslie Lamport. ItCOP 4342Fall 2006 File managementcontains higher level support for many constructions suchas table of contents, citations, floating tables and figures,and so forth.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementGenerating a LATEXdocumentThere are a variety of ways these days to generate aLATEXdocument. The most general one is*.tex file → latex → *.dvi file → dvips/dvipdf *.pdfThe sim plest these days combines these two steps:*.tex file → pdflatex *.pdfThe idea behind dvi files is that they were to be “deviceindependent”, and then output would go to a special driverfor whatever output device might be available, such asour ancient Imagen printers.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementOf course, Adobe invented PostScriptrwhich institutedwhat was to become an equally device independentmechanism, at least to the level of fonts. The “PortableDocument Format” (pdf) then added fonts to the outputformat. This was a bit of a m uddle for TEXsince its modelwas to create its own fonts with the program Metafont,but thes e days, TEXalso can read and use other fontfamilies s eamle ssly.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementMetafont and MetaPostFonts are created by the Metafont program, andgraphics can be created with MetaPost.Generally, you won’t have to worry about this; LATEXwillusually call Metafont seamlessly if it needs to re create afont.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementLATEXcommandsA LATEXfile must contain not only te xt but also markupcommands. Commands consist of a special singlecharacters or a words preceded by the backslash.% indicates a comment ~ represents a space& is used in making tables $ is used to indicate math{ starts an argument list } ends an argument list_ precedes a subsript ^ precedes a superscript# used in defining commandsGenerally, these can be printed by preceding them witha backslash, though the safest thing is to use SPECIAL.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementLATEXcommentsA com me nt begins with % and e nds with the line.This is similar to the C++ // or Ada -- comment.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementDocument structure with the “Article”class\documentclass[12pt]{article} % specify class\usepackage{fancyvrb} % preamble: use a package\usepackage{graphics} % preamble: use a package\begin{document} % start the actual document to layout\title{} % title of the article\author{} % author of the article\date{\today} % you can specify a date, or use today’s\maketitle % this displays the preceding\tableofcontents % creates a table of contents\begin{abstract} % start an abstract environment\end{abstract} % end an abstract environment\section{NAME}\label{} % start a section, create a label for it...COP 4342Fall 2006 File management\section{NAME}\label{} % another section\bibliography{} % generate a bibliography\end{document} % finish the documentCOP 4342Fall 2006 File managementLATEXdocument classThe document class defines the way that the documentwill be formatted.Popular classes include:article % short articles such as journal papersreport % longer works broken into chaptersbook % has chapters, treats odd and even pages differentlyslides % a slide packagefoils % another slide packageletter % used for writing lettersexam % used for making examsCOP 4342Fall 2006 File managementFor instance, to specify an article with an 11 point font,use\documentclass[11pt]{article}COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementLATEXpackagesTEXis a Turing-complete language, and numerouspackages have been created to support use of TEXandLATEX.You can access these packages w ith \usepackage{}.For example,\usepackage{graphics}\usepackage{graphicx}COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementBeginning the documentTo end the preamble and actually start creatingdisplayable m aterial (i.e., the “body” of your document),you insert the \begin{document} command; to end thedocument, you use \end{document}.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementEnvironmentsEnvironments allow you to specially treat text thatenvironment uniformly. For instance, you might wantto enumerate s ome items. Rather than having to writespacing and enumeration data for each item, you simplypoint what the items are:\begin{enumerate}\item This is item 1.\item This is item 2.\end{enumerate}COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementThe LATEXarticle headingThe LATEXartic le header consists of the title, author, anddate.The \title{TITLE TEXT} command is used to storethe text for the title.The \author{AUTHORS} com mand is used to store theauthor information. You can use \and to separate multipleauthors.The \date command contains the date of the article.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementIf not specified, the current date will be used.COP 4342Fall 2006 File managementThe LATEXarticle heading, cont’dThe \maketitle command c auses the title, author,and date information to be typeset into the article.Depending on the style, the title might appear on itsown page, or on the first page.For example,\title{Introduction to \LaTeX}\author{John Doe \\Florida State University}\date{October 10,