Jeopardy Questions Intelligence $100: (Answer is a number) This correlation would indicate a perfect relationship between x and y such that as x increases, y decreases. [-1.0] $200: Both of these two types of intelligence change with age, peaking at different times of the life cycle. [fluid and crystallized (fluid deteriorates as you get older, crystallized does not)] $300: This pattern refers to the steady increase in scores on intelligence tests within the last few decades. [Flynn effect] $400: This type of approach to intelligence begins with test scores themselves, and is based on the belief that the patterns within those scores are the best guide to what intelligence is and what it includes. [the psychometric approach (other approaches include the information-processing approach)] $500: This simple low-level cognitive property is believed by many to underlie many measures of g. [reaction time (accept either simple or choice), or neural efficiency/speed] Personality $100: Personality tests are low in this, since they aren’t very good at predicting outcomes or behaviors that should be correlated with the trait being measured. [validity or predictive validity (compare to reliability)] $200: This type of test presents the subject with an unstructured task rather than a set of questions, on the assumption that the deeper layers of one’s personality are not accessible by asking directly. [projective test (e.g. Rorschach, TAT)] $400: According to this, people will strive for higher-order needs generally after lower-order needs like hunger and safety have been satisfied. [Maslow / Maslow’s hierarchy of needs] $200: This movement in psychology attempts to address questions about what defines and engenders optimal functioning, rather than investigating pathology and deficiency. [positive psychology] $500: Cattell isolated this many basic personality factors by doing factor analysis on 18,000 words for personality types in the dictionary. [16 (later collapsed to 5 and then 2 by Eysenck)] Psychopathology $100: This type of disease, characterized by intense and irrational fear, can often be treated through flooding. [phobias; or panic attacks] $200: One hypothesis suggests that the main cause of schizophrenia is an abnormally high level of activity in brain circuits sensitive to this neurotransmitter. [dopamine] $300: This illness caused the disorder known as general paresis, which was characterized by general decline in physical functions resulting in eventual insanity and death. [syphilis] $400: According to this model, mental disorders are manifestations of psychological conflicts originating from our childhood experiences. [psychodynamic]$500: A person with a global, internal, and stable type of this is much more likely to end up depressed than a person without. [explanatory style (talk about cause and effect here)] Social behavior $100: This effect occurs when people fail to help someone who is in trouble and whom they are capable of helping, such as in the case of Kitty Genovese. [the bystander effect (talk about factors: ambiguity of situation, diffusion of responsibility, pluralistic ignorance)] $200: This mistake refers to a tendency to ascribe people's behavior to their nature instead of to the situation. [fundamental attribution error (also discuss actor-observer difference)] $300: Milgram's experiment supported the idea that these kinds of personalities may be the crucial determinant leading to blind obedience. [authoritarian personalities (alternate interpretation: dehumanization of the victim. Also discuss Asch's study on conformity, and how unaninmity can be a key component there)] $400: According to this theory, emotion results from the awareness of physical changes in one's body in response to arousing stimuli. [the James-Lange theory of emotions (compare to the attribution-of-arousal theory, which argues that bodily arousal is only the beginning and must be accompanied by a cognitive appraisal of the situation that attributes the arousal to an emotional event)] $500: The success of the foot-in-the-door technique can be seen as the result of people trying to avoid this phenomenon. [cognitive dissonance (talk about changing self-perception in order to resolve conflict between what we believe and what we actually do)] Social development $100: This phenomenon, found in birds, illustrates the biological tendency found in many infants to seek that which is familiar. [imprinting (discuss reasons for infant-mother attachment -- not for food, but for comfort; survival value of fearing unknown)] $200: Psychologists use a child's reaction to this procedure to try to assess the quality of the child's attachment to their caregiver [Strange Situation (discuss details of leaving toddler alone with stranger, then having parent return; "securely attached"; "anxious/resistant"; "anxious/avoidant". Are these really predictive of later adjustment & relationships?)] $300: Choosing a punishment that fits this guideline makes a child more likely to internalize prohibitions. [the principle of minimal sufficiency (just enough, but not too severe)] $400: This parenting style describes parents who both exercise their power to set firm rules for their children, and also respond to their children's opinions and reasonable demands. [authoritative-reciprocal pattern (compare to autocratic, permissive; not necessarily cross-culturally applicable)] $500: According to Kohlberg, this stage of moral reasoning defines right and wrong in terms of a "social contract" generally agreed upon for public good. [Level 5; or postconventional morality (stages: (1) avoid punishment, (2) gain reward, (3) gain approval/avoid disapproval, (4) follow rigid codes of "law and order" unquestioningly, (5) follow a "social contract", and (6) follow abstract personal ethical principles)]Freud $100: According to Freud, this subsystem of the personality strives to follow the pleasure principle. [id (ego & reality principle; superego)] $200: Freud thought that the symptoms of this psychogenic mental disorder were a means of repressing thoughts and wishes. [hysteria (psychoanalysis was directed toward recovering the repressed material to eliminate symptoms)] $300: According to Freud, children pass through these three stages in this chronological order during their psychosexual development. [oral, anal, phallic (characterized by erogenous zones through which gratification is obtained -- food, potty training,