PSY402 Theories of LearningExtinctionWhat Influences Extinction?Spontaneous RecoveryConditioned InhibitionOther Kinds of InhibitionDisinhibitionHigher-Order ConditioningSensory PreconditioningVicarious ConditioningPSY402Theories of LearningChapter 4 (Cont.)Indirect ConditioningApplications of ConditioningExtinction{ Extinction – a method for eliminating a conditioned response.{ Extinction paradigm:z Present the CS alone (without the UCS).{ With repeated exposure to the CS, it stops being a predictor of the UCS and the CR decreases and eventually stops.What Influences Extinction?{ The total duration of exposure to the CS alone, not the number of trials, determines how fast the CR is extinguished.{ Shipley measured effects of tone-shock pairing on water licking.z Suppression ratio for licking behaviorz 100 sec or 25 sec exposures to CS alone.Spontaneous Recovery{ Pavlov – extinction is caused by inhibition of the CR.{ Spontaneous recovery occurs when inhibition is temporarily removed.{ Continued experience of the CS without the UCS results in long-term suppression of the CR.Conditioned Inhibition{ CS+ the original CS{ CS- a new CS similar to CS+{ Presentation of CS- without the UCS inhibits the CR.{ The idea is that CS- becomes associated with the absence of the UCS – it becomes an “all clear” cue.z CS+ is associated with presence of the UCS.Other Kinds of Inhibition{ External inhibition – presence of a novel cue during conditioning inhibits the CR.{ Latent inhibition (learned irrelevance) – not really inhibition.z Preexposure to the CS (without the UCS) inhibits later conditioning (+ or -){ Inhibition of Delay –the CR is withheld until an appropriate time.Disinhibition{ Disinhibition – removal of inhibition.z The CR increases in strength.{ Presentation of a novel stimulus during extinction interrupts it.{ Example: Kimmel – disinhibition of inhibition of delay occurred with a novel stimulus.z CR with withheld 4.0 secs but 2.3 secs with a novel stimulusHigher-Order Conditioning{ A new stimulus (CS2) acquires the ability to produce a CR because it is paired with another CS (CS1).{ The CR to CS2is weaker than to CS1– 50% as strong.{ Higher-order conditioning is difficult to accomplish because conditioned inhibition also arises.z More pairings result in inhibition.Sensory Preconditioning{ When two stimuli are associated with each other, if one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS too.z Dog and neighbor example.{ To get the strongest CR:z Timing is important – first CS must precede second CS.z Only a few CS-CS pairings to prevent learned irrelevance.Vicarious Conditioning{ Berger – people hearing a tone and watching another person be shocked acquired a fear response.{ Watching another person fail at a task can induce a stress response.{ Monkeys can acquire vicarious fear responses to objects or snakes.{ Arousal is needed for
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