ID# Exam 1 PS 306, Fall 2002First of all, take a deep breath. Relax! OK, read each question carefully and answer itcompletely. Show all your work, because that’s the only way I can give you partial credit. Useyour time wisely. I think of a point as a minute, which means that if you’re spending 20 minuteson a 10-point question, you’re going to have a difficult time completing the exam. Commentfreely on problems or limitations of designs. And, as always, the Skidmore Honor code is ineffect for the exam, so remain true to the principles espoused in that document. Enjoy your longweekend!1. Searching for the dangers of caffeine, Dr. Hy Test adds two types of caffeine (those found incoffee and chocolate) to the water supply of groups of laboratory-bred rats. The water supply ofa control group of rats was not fortified. This species ordinarily lives about 13 months. The DVis the number of days that the rats lived. Complete the analysis below, interpret the results ascompletely as you can, and then tell me very specifically what you would do next. [10 pts.]8 397.750 14.140 4.9998 400.500 16.009 5.6608 399.875 11.606 4.103Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.ChocolateCoffeeNoneMeans Table for Days LivedEffect: Caffeine2. An interesting psychological trait is openness to experience: a willingness to try new thingsand to keep an open mind (McCrae, 1996). Another often researched trait is authoritarianism: ageneral belief that society is better off with strongly enforced laws and punitive parents andbosses to keep people in line. To determine if the two traits are related, a randomly selectedgroup of students was given both scales. Interpret the results of the study seen below ascompletely as you can. If a person had an Openness to Experience Scale score of 6, what wouldbe your best prediction of that person’s Authoritarianism Scale score? What about an Opennessto Experience score of 15? What proportion of the variability in Authoritarianism Scale scores isshared with the Openness to Experience Scale? [10 pts.]150.885.782.7663.328CountNum. MissingRR SquaredAdjusted R SquaredRMS ResidualRegression SummaryAuthoritarian Scale vs. Openness Scale1 517.722 517.722 46.735 <.000113 144.012 11.07814 661.733DF Sum of Squares Mean Square F-Value P-ValueRegressionResidualTotalANOVA TableAuthoritarian Scale vs. Openness Scale43.402 3.040 43.402 14.277 <.0001-1.759 .257 -.885 -6.836 <.0001Coefficient Std. Error Std. Coeff. t-Value P-ValueInterceptOpenness ScaleRegression CoefficientsAuthoritarian Scale vs. Openness Scale1012.51517.52022.52527.53032.535Authoritarian Scale4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Openness ScaleY = 43.402 - 1.759 * X; R^2 = .782Regression Plot3. Drs. Frank Lee and Mai Deere were interested in the impact of time on the nature of romanticrelationships (i.e., does familiarity really breed contempt?). To investigate their hypothesis, theyrecruited 50 people, 10 who had been in a relationship for 6 months, 10 in a relationship for 12months, 10 in a relationship for 24 months, 10 in a relationship for 48 months, and 10 in arelationship for 120 months. Each participant was asked to rate the quality of his or herrelationship on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 = poor and 10 = great). Complete the source table below andinterpret the results of this study as completely as you can. [15 pts]10 8.900 .994 .31410 9.000 .816 .25810 7.200 .789 .24910 5.600 1.075 .34010 8.500 .850 .269Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.006 mos.012 mos.024 mos.048 mos.120 mos.Means Table for Quality of RelEffect: Length of Rel4. Drs. Dewey, Screwup, & Howe are industrial/organizational psychologists who wereinterested in the impact of noise levels in the workplace on the productivity of workers. Toassess the effect of noise, they went to an automobile factory, where they could study 10 workersunder each of 3 different noise levels (Low, Moderate, High). Their DV was level of productivity(1 = Low to 15 = High). Complete the source table below, then interpret the results of this studyas completely as you can. [15 pts.]10 10.900 5.384 1.70310 9.700 4.877 1.54210 6.900 3.843 1.215Count Mean Std. Dev. Std. Err.Low NoiseMod NoiseHigh NoiseMeans Table for Noise LevelEffect: Category for Noise Level5. Distinguish between the terms internal validity and external validity. Are they completelyindependent? (Could you have one without the other?) Which is more important and why?Briefly describe the Higgins & Marlatt (drinking and tension reduction) or the Hecht (darkadaptation) study and articulate the external validity problems. Then tell me why you don’t think(or Mook didn’t think) that those concerns are sufficiently troublesome that they would negatethe value of the study. [10 pts]6. You would typically want to use a repeated measures design rather than an independentgroups design because it is more powerful and more efficient. First, illustrate the source of powerthat one typically finds in a repeated measures design, including a brief illustration ofcircumstances in which the repeated measures design would not be more powerful. Next,illustrate why the repeated measures design is more efficient. Then briefly articulate the reasonsthat would lead you to use an independent groups design rather than a repeated measures design.(Examples will help your answers here.) [10