BIOPSYCH 0505 Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Synapse three sections A Pre synaptic membrane 1 Reuptake 2 Enzymatic Degradation II Synaptic gap cleft III Post synaptic membrane extension from dendrite A Ionotropic receptor B Metabotropic receptors C Post synaptic potentials 1 Communication between neuron IV Generation of action potential or hyperpolarization A Temporal Summation B Spatial Summation C EPSP and IPSP cancellation Outline of Current Lecture I Neuropharmacology used when talking about a more private part of communicating with each other A Two types of synapse II Amino Acid neurotransmitter NT A Found in majority of fast acting directed synapse in CNS B Molecular building blocks of protein C Hormone D Glutamate III Acetylcholine group of NT IV Mono amines group of NT A Order of synthesis B All start with tyrosine C L Dopa V NT function A Epinephrine is an excitatory NT for the most part B Produced both by the CNS and PNS 1 CNS These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 1nd 2 PNS VI Norepinephrine VII Dopamine A Primarily excitatory but like AC there are certain areas where it can have inhibitory functions B Functions C Correlated to schizophrenia Current Lecture I A B C D E F G H II A B C Neuropharmacology used when talking about a more private part of communicating with each other Two types of synapse 1 Directed between the terminal and dendritic spine the neurotransmitter in that space does not diffuse to the area around it 1 1 communication 2 Non directed terminal extensions may have points all along Neurotransmitter released both ways A little ball along the terminal that released and then NT that are near it may be stimulated Private communication that isn t traveling very far and staying in area of release Neuromodulator may be the same substances as a neurotransmitters and a different location may function as a neuromodulator Often times substances that travel further and disperse more widely Some may be released by neurons or endocrine glands Functions seem to modulate function of neurotransmitter job is to be a regulator and not being directly the communicator Amino Acid neurotransmitter NT Found in majority of fast acting directed synapse in CNS Molecular building blocks of protein Hormone 1 Some same NT that we talk about that are released from neurons if released by a gland such as adrenal gland will be referred to as a hormone 2 Substances that are released by endocrine bland that typically influence other glands in the body and sometimes impact neurons 3 An example of both is epinephrine when it is released from pons it is referred to as a NT but if released to adrenal gland then it is a hormone D Glutamate 1 Common in proteins that we eat 2 Most prevalent excitatory NT 3 Often stimulate activity in CNS E GABA gamma aminobutyric acid 1 Synthesized by simple molecular change to glutamate 2 Most prevalent inhibitory NT 3 Functions to regulate and decreased activity in various neurons 4 Regulates changes in sleep cycle 5 So important that if we depleted an individual of this could be uncontrollable seizures 6 In certain types of epilepsy there may be a deficiency of GABA correlation III Acetylcholine group of NT A Class all by itself B First NT that was discovered and was by accident Auto Loewi was interested in studying the Vagus Nerve leaves cranial nerve into chest and abdominal area known as the wandering nerve C From the Loewi experiment lead to the identification that there are acetylcholine receptors on the heart muscle D Believed to be inhibitory because the result is a slowing down the heart rate and hyperpolarizing some of the neurons E Has dual function in nervous system 1 Typically has both excitatory and inhibitory 2 In the somatic nervous system these receptor control the opening of sodium channel and therefore depolarization in skeletal muscles F When look inside CNS for memory is one of the NT released from the hippocampus excitatory 1 Hippocampus a Is critical for memory formation and consolidation b Temporarily holds information that happens during the day by practicing and then later in the day especially during sleep the hippocampus because active and when you reduce input and stimulation the hippocampus is able to strengthen and form connections to other parts of the brain to have the information there for long term c Acetylcholine is an important NT in hippocampus d People who suffer form Alzheimer s who initial symptoms are memory lose are likely to have failure of acetylcholine G Structures that are innervated by acetylcholine are far less in those areas that are suppose to produce acetylcholine H Used in production of REM sleep after a decrease in release in the early stages of sleep 1 Pathways to frontal cortex and AC is not pulling out neurons that pull out our memories that are not randomly activated 2 The dream that results of the AC is the brain trying to make sense of all these bits of information 3 Decreased during slow waves of sleep 4 During the day AC levels increase I Choline 1 Made through the foods that we eat 2 In order to transfer acetate off of Coenzyme A to create AC we need an enzyme to produce that chemical shift Choline acetyltransferase ChAt 3 Choline acetyl coenzyme A choline acetylransferase coenzyme A acetylcholine 4 Enzyme responsible for separating the acetylcholine molecule is acetylcholinesterase which breaks into acetate ion and choline molecule 5 Choline taken back up to create new acetylcholine IV Mono amines group of NT A Order of synthesis 1 Tyrosine tyrosine hydroxylase 2 L dopa DOPA decarboxylase 3 Dopamine dopamine Beta hydroxylase 4 Nonrepinephrine phenylethanolamine N methyl transferase 5 Epinephrine B All start with tyrosine C L Dopa 1 It can pass through the really tight cells of the brain 2 Has to do with patients who have Parkinson s disease systemically because it can cross the BBB 3 Precursor molecule that is utilized by neurons to create dopamine 4 Have a depletion of dopamine neurons that are dying off and are non functioning 5 Leads to various problems with movement 6 One of the durgs that is given to these patient is L Dopa 7 L Dopa is important in the creation of catechamines D If the neuron is a dopamine neuron the synthesis ends with dopamine and can be released with an action potential E The 3 dopamine Norepineprine and epinephrine are part of the same class