Miscanthus as FeedstockFossil Fuel UseUS Biomass Farmer EconomicsSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSustainable Energy: The Solar Strategy(Continued from Lecture 4)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center1980 1990 2000Wind Energy PotentialGlobally: 27% of earth’s land surface is class 3 (250-300 W/m2at 50 m) or greater - potential of 50 TW4% utilization of > class 3 land area will provide 2 TW US: 6% of land suitable for wind energy development - 0.5 TWUS electricity consumption ~ 0.4 TWOff shore installations provide additional resourceCristina L. Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson, Evaluation of Global Wind Power, Stanford University, 2005Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterGlobal Wind Energy GrowthSustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center2005 World Total: 59,322 MW2005 Installations : 11,679 MWGrowth rate: 25% 2020 Prediction: 1,245,000 MW*Equivalent to 1000 Nuclear power plants12% of world electricity generationGlobal Wind EnergyCountry 2005 MW % of totalGermany 18,428 31.0Spain 10,027 16.9United States 9,149 15.4India 4,430 7.5Denmark 3,122 5.3Italy 1,717 2.9United Kingdom 1,353 2.3China 1,260 2.1Japan 1,231 2.1Netherlands 1,219 2.1* According to Wind Force 12Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterWind PowerGE WIND1.5 MWGE WIND3.6 MWSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBoeing 747-200GE 3.6 MWLarge Scale Wind TurbineSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterLevelized cents/kWh in constant $200011980 1990 2000 2010 2020COE cents/kWh453015Wind Energy Costs TrendsSource: NREL Energy Analysis Office1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.Updated: June 2002Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterStates with most wind energy installed, by capacity (MW)1 California - 2,096 MW 2 Texas - 1,293 MW 3 Minnesota - 615 MW 4Iowa -632 MW 5Wyoming -285 MW US Wind Energy InstallationsLargest wind farms operating the U.S. (MW)1 Stateline, Oregon-Washington - 300 MW 2 King Mountain, Texas - 278 MW 3 New Mexico Wind Energy Center, New Mexico - 204 MW 4 Storm Lake, Iowa - 193 MW 5 Colorado Green, Colorado - 162 MW 6 High Winds, California - 162 MWSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBiomass is a widely used term referring to a number of biosolids and organic materials. Depending on the geographical and political context, the term “biomass” is also used for different purposes.Biomass can be defined as: - Plant and other growing species capable of being used as fuel.-Organic material mainly composed of carbohydrateand lignin compounds, the building blocks of which are the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.-Stored form of solar energy relying on the process of photosynthesisSome examples of biomass are:Fuel wood; Tree barks; Sugar cane bagasse, Wheat strawSwitch grass; Corn cobs; Rice hull; Vineyard pruningCoconut shells and Almond shellBiomassSource: http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/index.htmlSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterMiscanthus as Feedstock20 tons/acre? (20 tons/acre? (www.bical.netwww.bical.net))1010--30 tons/acre (30 tons/acre (www.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdfwww.aces.uiuc.edu/DSI/MASGC.pdf))Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBiomass1980 1990 2000 2010 2020129630Levelized cents/kWh in constant $20001COE cents/kWhBiomassSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterOther Renewable EnergyTidal energy:The power of the tides is harnessed by building a low dam or barrage in which the rising waters are captured and allowed to flow backthrough electricity generating turbines. Geothermal energy:Heat from within the earth is the source. Hot rocks near the surface can heat water in underground aquifers to provide hot water or steam. Biomass 750 km2Geothermal 0.3 km2Wind 79 km2Photovoltaics 12 km2Solar thermal 8 km2Surface area required to produce 100 MWSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterElectricity Generation Costs Current energycostUS cents/kWhPotential futureenergy costUS cents/kWhTurnkey investmentcostUS $/kWhBiomass 5-15 4-10 900-3000Geothermal 2-10 1-8 800-3000Wind 5-13 3-10 1100-1700SolarPhotovoltaicsConcentrating SolarPowerLow temperature heat10-255-153-103-153-102-55000-100003000-4000500-1500Renewable EnergySustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSource: Exxon Mobil, 2002 and modified by AKElectricity Production CostResidential consumer cost of electricity in 2005** Integrated gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) with Capture and SequestrationSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterLargeSmallFossil-Fueled Renewable-FueledHybrids•Diesels•Microturbines•Fuel Cells•Coal-fired Boilers•Coal-fired Fluid Bed•Combined Cycle•Combustion Turbine•Solar Central Receiver•Wind Farms•Solar Trough•Biomass•Wind Machines•Solar Dish•Photovoltaics•Energy EfficiencyStorageSource: Mervin Brown, NRELFossil and Renewable Energy DomainsSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterMicropowerAvg. Generation Cost, $/MW 1990 1980 50 200 600 1,000 1930 1950 1970 Optimal generation plant size for a single plant based on cost per megawatt [MW], 1930-1990Source: Charles E. Bayless, “Less is More: Why Gas Turbines Will Transform Electric Utilities.” Public Utilities Fortnightly 12/1/94Plant Size (MW)Source: Mervin Brown, NRELSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterCentralized Power System Distributed Power System Future Power SystemSustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000WindPVFuel CellsMicroturbinesSmall TurbinesDiesel EnginesConventional GasEnginesKWFutureTodaySources: Arthur D. Little, 01/2000;Resource Dynamics Corp. 02/2001and UTC estimatesPower Output RangesSustainable Energy Science and Engineering Center0100020003000Average U.S.fossil fuel plantMicroturbine Fuel cell Combinedcycle gasturbineFuel cell(with co-generation)(Pounds of CO2 per 1000 kWh)Source: UTC estimatesCO2EmissionsSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSustainable Electricity Power Generation requirements:1. More power with less primary energy through efficiency improvements – Technology 2. Affordable and reliable power for every one – Technology & governments 3. Reduced dependency on fossil fuel – Citizens & governments4. Environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions – Technology & governments 5. Comply with national policies –