FIGURE 14-1 (a) Focal points F1 and F2, semimajor axis a, and semiminor b of an ellipse; (b) Kepler’s second lawTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-2 Satellite orbits: (a) circular; (b) ellipticalTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-3 Satellite orbital termsTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-4 Satellite orbital patternsTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-5 (a) Angle of inclination; (b) ascending node, descending node, and line of nodesTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-6 Soviet Molniya satellite orbitTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-7 Three geosynchronous satellites in Clarke orbitsTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-8 Satellites in geosynchronous earth orbitsTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-9 Geosynchronous satellite position, subsatellite point, and Earth longitude and latitude coordinate systemTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-10 Attenuation due to atmospheric absorption: (a) 6/4-GHz band; (b) 14/12-GHz bandTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-11 Azimuth and angle of elevation, “lookangles”TomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.TABLE 14-1 Longitudinal Position of Several Current Synchronous Satellites Parked in an Equatorial ArcaTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-12 Azimuth angles for earth stations located in the northern hemisphere referenced to 180 degreesTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-13 Elevation angles for earth stations located in the Northern HemisphereTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-14 Satellite classes: (a) spinner; (b) three-axis stabilizerTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-15 Spatial separation of satellites in geosynchronous orbitTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-16 WARC satellite frequency assignmentsTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.TABLE 14-2 Satellite Bandwidths Available in the United StatesTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-17 Satellite antenna radiation patterns (footprints)TomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-18 Beams: (a) spot; (b) zonal; (c) earthTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-19 Satellite uplink modelTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-20 Satellite transponderTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-21 Satellite downlink modelTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-22 Intersatellite linkTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-23 HPA input/output characteristic curveTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.TABLE 14-3 Noise Unit ComparisonTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-24 P(e) performance of M-ary PSK, QAM, QPR, and M-ary APK coherent systems. The rms C/N is specified in the double-sided Nyquist bandwidthTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-25 Probability or error P(e) versus Eb/No ratio for various digital modulation schemesTomasiAdvanced Electronic Communications Systems, 6eCopyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved.FIGURE 14-26 Overall satellite system showing the gains and losses incurred in both the uplink and downlink sections. HPA, high-power amplifier; Pt, HPA output power; Lbo, back-off loss; Lf, feeder loss; Lb, branching loss; At, transmit antenna gain; Pr total radiated power = Pt - Lbo -Lb - Lf; EIRP,