Acidity and dust in Dye-3 (SE Greenland) Ice CoreBackground acidity from ocean DMS emissionsMSA and nss SO4= in the Vostok Ice CoreSulfate and nitrate in GISP 2, 1750-2000 ADDust and alkaline conductivity in Dye 3 (SE Greenland) Ice CoreToba eruption in GISP2 ice core?Electrical conductivity of ice and volcanic acidsECM for all of GISP2 and GRIP, compared to GRIP O18GISP2 Younger Dryas / Bolling-Allerod ECMExpanded GISP2 Younger Dryas/ Bolling/Allerod ECMAl and Na in the Vostok Ice CoreReading (1)Reading (2)Effect of glaciation on the oxygen isotope composition of the ocean“Heinrich Events”: sudden invasions of the North Atlantic by dirty icebergsGRIP/Byrd CH4 comparisonMIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.740 Paleoceanography Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.Ice Core Paleoclimatology II: solutes and particulates12.740 Topic 6 Spring 2008Acidity and dustin Dye-3(SE Greenland)Ice CoreBackground acidity from ocean DMS emissionsImage removed due to copyright restrictions.MSA and nss SO=4in the Vostok Ice Core? Increased DMS production or more efficient atmospheric transport?Age (kyr) a 13 33 141 )-460 (D -480 �-500 A -520 300 c 200 100 0 -420 -440 B C D E F G H 50 b 40 30 20 10 0 ).b.p.p(-24 OS. s.s.n)20 %(d -2415 OS. s.s10 .n/A5 SM0 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Depth (m) 56 66 107 118 ) .b.p.p(A SMDepth profiles of a, �D, b, MSA, c, non-seasalt sulphate and d, the ratio of MSA to non-seasalt sulphate in the Vostok ice core. Upper and lower stage boundaries are marked by vertical lines. (�D is deuterium isotope profile) Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare based on Legrand et al., 1991.Sulfate and nitrate in GISP 2, 1750-2000 ADDust and alkaline conductivityin Dye 3 (SE Greenland) Ice CoreImage removed due to copyright restrictions.Toba eruption in GISP2 ice core?Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Electrical conductivity of ice and volcanic acidsSo: volcanic acid peaks can be easily located by electrical conductivity.However, in dusty ice, the conductivity is suppressed by neutralization of acid. ECM then becomes and indicator of the presence or absence of significant amounts of dust.504540353025201510500 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Corelength (cm)ECM signal of Laki eruption measured at -18.0OC and -42.6OC.MillivoltsSpace charge signal of Laki eruption-18.0oC (upper) and -42.6oC (lower curve)Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.ECM for all of GISP2 and GRIP,compared to GRIP O18Image removed due to copyright restrictions.GISP2 Younger Dryas / Bolling-Allerod ECMImage removed due to copyright restrictions.Nature Vol. 361, 4 February 1993.Expanded GISP2 Younger Dryas/ Bolling/AllerodECMImage removed due to copyright restrictions.Nature Vol. 361, 4 February 1993.Al and Na in the Vostok Ice Core10 50 100 150 δ18O -55 -60 50 0 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Depth m Al concentration as a function of real depth (green line). The climatic reference is given by δ18O (yellow line). The lower dashed line represents the estimated background. Al ng g-1 100 Age 103 yr BP 10 50 100 150 -55 0 500 1000 1,500 2,000 Depth m As previous figure, with Nam instead of Al. δ18O Nam 100 0 ng g-1 -60 Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from de Angelis et al. (1987).Reading (1)* Barnola, J.M., Raynaud, D., Korotkevitch, Y.S. and Lorius, C., 1987. Vostok ice core: a 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2. Nature, 329:408-414.* Bender M. L. (2002) Orbital tuning chronology for the Vostok climate record supported by trapped gas composition. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 204, 275-289.* Bender, M., T. Sowers, M.-L. Dickson, J. Orchardo, P. Grootes, P. Mayewski, and D.A. Meese, Climate correlations between Greenland and Antarctica during the past 100,000 years, Nature, 372, 663-666, 1994a.Bender, M., T. Sowers, and L. Labeyrie, The Dole effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok ice core, Glob. Biogeochem. Cyc., 8, 363-376, 1994b.Blunier, T. and E. Brook (2001) Timing of millennial-scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, Science 291:109-112Boyle, E.A. (1997) Cool tropical temperatures shift the global d18O-T relationship: an explanation for the Ice Core δ18O / borehole thermometry conflict?, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24:273-276.Craig H., Horibe Y. ,and Sowers T. (1988) Gravitational separation of gases and isotopes in polar ice caps. Science. 242, 1675-1678.Cuffey, K.M., G.D. Clow, R.B. Alley, M. Stuiver, E.D. Waddington, and R.W. Saltus, Large Arctic Temperature Change at the Wisconsin-Holocene Glacial Transition, Science, 270, 455-458, 1995.Dahl-Jensen, D., K. Mosegaard, et al. (1998). “Past temperatures directly from the Greenland ice sheet.” Science 282: 268-271.Dansgaard W., Johnsen S. J., Clausen H. B. ,and C.C. Langway J. (1971) Climatic record revealed by the Camp Century Ice Core. In Late Cenozoic Ice Ages (ed. K. K. Turekian), Vol. pp. 37-56. Yale University Press.Grootes P. M., Stuiver M., White J. W. C., Johnsen S., and Jouzel J. (1993) Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature 366, 552-554.Hammer, C.U., Clausen, H.B. and Tauber, H., 1986. Ice-core dating of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary applied to a calibration of the 14C time scale, Radiocarbon. 28:284-291.Hammer C. U., Clausen H. B., Dansgaard W., Neftel A., Kristinsdottir P. ,and Johnson E. (1985) Continuous impurity analysis along the Dye 3 deep core. In Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment (ed. C. C. LangwayJr., H. Oeschger and W. Dansgaard), Vol. 33, pp. 90-94. Am. Geophys. Union.Herron M. M. , and Langway Jr. C. C. (1985) Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate in the Dye 3 and Camp Century, Greenland ice cores. In Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment (ed. C. C. LangwayJr., H. Oeschger and W. Dansgaard), Vol. 33, pp. 77-84. Am. Geophys. Union.*Jouzel, J., Raisbeck, G., Benoist, J.P., Yiou, F., Lorius, C., Raynaud, D. and J.R. Petit, N.I. Barkov, Y.S. Kortkevitch, and V.M. Kotlyakov, 1989. A comparison of deep Antarctic ice cores and their implications for climate between 65,000 and 15,000 years ago. Quat. Res., 31:135-150.Indermühle A., Stocker T. F., Joos F., Fischer H., Smith H. J., Wahlen M., Deck B., Mastroianni D., Tschumi J., Blunier T., Meyer R., and Stauffer B. (1999) Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica.