Chapter 14Europe and the New World:New Encounters, 1500 - 1800On the brink of a new worldWhy did it occur in the 15thcentury?Last battle of Hundred Year’s War - 1452Fall of Constantinople 1453• Use of canons in siege• Access to the east deniedEconomic Forces• Resources available to centralized monarchies - Portugal, Spain, France and England• Need for spices and gold• Changed economyGods, Gold and GloryMotives and MeansReligious Zeal• Crusading idealCross fertilization of ideasRomantic and adventurous ideals in print• The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)•The PolosSuccess of Portuguese and SpanishHuge investment in munitions and gunsOverwhelmed native populationsMounted cavalry in the new worldSuperior design of shipsPtolemy’s Geography (1477)Known to Arabs but recently translated into Latin • Technology of magnetic compass –11thcentury• Maps- kept secret•astrolabeEastern InfluenceStrong Mongol empire • Increased communication with East• Trade, exchange of technologies• Destruction of trading cities by Tamerlane in late 15thcentury –blocked tradeNew Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish EmpiresPrince Henry the Navigator EmpireDias –rounded the CapeVasco da Gama• Reaches India by age 30Viceroys in far EastReasons for Portuguese Success• Guns –13thand 14thcentury• SeamanshipEuropean Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth CenturiesNina, Pinta, and Santa MariaFirst voyage of ColumbusDiscoveries of the 15th& 16thCenturiesChristopher Columbus Additional DiscoveriesAmerigo VespucciFerdinand Magellan (1521)Circumnavigates the EarthEvaluating the conflictQuestions for thought:Why did Europeans sail across to the Americas in the late 15thcentury and not the other way around?Why were so few European soldiers able to overwhelm entire societies of Native Americans?Why do European languages and religions predominate in the Americas today?Overview: clash of civilizationsSeparation of two societies for more than 12,000 yearsDistinct linguistically, ethnically, culturallyIndependently invented writing, domesticated plants and animalsCreated megalithic structures and societies with political and religious hierarchiesHorizontal Diffusion of CultureEvaluating the New WorldFood ProductionOnly one large animal domesticatedNot useful for transportationLabor intensive planting and harvestingPedestrian societyForerunner of maizeTeosinte – maize low in protein, slow domestication processEurope on the verge of conquestNative resources utilized for the previous 8,000 yearsFood production13 large animal species domesticatedwheeled transportationNatural plant species high in protein Broadcast sowingTechnology comparedEuropeans had copper, bronze, iron for use in building tools and weaponsProtective armor – tempered steelMounted cavalry and firearmsNative Americans used bone, stone and woodPadded armor and foot soldiersCivilization and literacyEurasians had literate society and many highly populated urban centersAmericas featured a select class of literati, slowed dissemination of informationFewer urban centersPopulation EpidemiologyAmerindian life expectancy pre – Columbus40% died before 40Hunter gatherer lifestyleLack of interconnected densely populated citiesLack of exposure to livestock transmitted diseaseMicrobes and diseaseGerms – the secret biological weapon.Europeans brought smallpox, measles, mumpsAmerindians had syphilis (possibly)Major encounters of the 15th& 16thCenturiesChristopher Columbus-CaribbeanHernan Cortes- Aztec EmpireFrancisco Pizarro- PeruPedro Menendez =FloridaThe Spanish Empire in the New WorldEarly Civilizations in Mesoamerica The MayaThe AztecsThe Spanish Conquest of the Aztec EmpireHernan Cortés Moctezuma (Montezuma) capturedAztec Empire overthrownConquest of AztecsCortes attacked Tenochtitlan twice. His second foray of 300 men found a decimated city“A man could not set his foot down except on the corpse of an Indian.”Population dropped from 15-18 millionFriar Tolibio MotoliniaMany died of starvation because they were all taken sick at once, they could not care for each other, nor was there anyone to give them bread or anything else. In many places it happened that everyone in a house died, and, as it was impossible to bury the great number of dead, they pulled down the house to check the stench that rose, so that their homes became their tombs.Disease vectorFlight of Indians spread the disease all the way to great lakes by 1530.Spanish conquistadors followed in its footsteps.In 1533 Pizarro found ruling class eliminated.weakened Incan resistance.Population reduced from 8 – 1 million.The Spanish Empire, ContinuedThe Inca and the SpanishPachakuti- Inca leaderInca buildings and roadsIncas overthrown (1535)Encomienda -Administration of the Spanish EmpireGuns, Germs and SteelNative American culture, civilization destroyedEuropeans decimated native populationsWeaponryDisease 40% mortality by smallpoxMetallurgyImpact on European EconomyVast influx of precious metalsPrice inflationLanded gentry suffered decline-Fixed rentsBourgeoisie rose – merchants, trade and manufacturing capitalistsEnglish and Dutch profited most by distributing goodsGermans developed production centersSpain –long term decline, high prices/lack of industryDevelopment of CapitalismEconomic shift from agrarian to trade orientedMore profitable to raise wool than grain in EnglandFocus on trade- external relationsRelationship of government with financial institutions- nationalizationEarly slave experienceColumbus1495- 200 Taino shipped to SpainEncomienda system• 1496 Bartolome de las Casas3,000,000 Taíno. • 1514 - 22,000 Taíno • 1542 – 200 left aliveAfrica: The Slave TradeSugar Cane, tobacco and cotton crops Growth in the Slave TradeInitiated by Portuguese in BrazilTaken over by Dutch and EnglishTriangular Atlantic tradeUp to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth CenturiesHigh death rate during transitPrisoners of WarGolden Age of Piracy15th-18thCenturyNavies of England, France and Spain downsized (Treaty of Utrecht 1713)Escapees from brutal navy treatmentFrom privateer to pirateAnd what are buccaneers?(hint:buccan= barbecue)The Pirate Life-----AAAARH!Referred to themselves as ‘Brethren of the Coast’Bases on Tortuga and HispaniolaCreated egalitarian and multicultural societyRejects of societyMostly died of alcoholismCaribbean and Spanish MainRelationship of Pirates to