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UA PSY 230 - Lecture notes

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Psychology 230: Psychological Measurement and StatisticsInteresting StatisticsHow bad is this going to be?The BasicsFoundations and Common Terms: Populations vs. SamplesDescribing Data: Parameters vs. StatsResearch MethodologyFoundations and Common Terms: VariablesCorrelational MethodMore about VariablesExperimental MethodRemaining Methodological TermsExample: Experimental MethodExperiment with ConfoundQuasi-Experimental MethodExampleExample 2Gross OverviewDescriptive StatisticsSlide 20Inferential StatisticsDescriptive vs. InferentialPutting it all together: The Role of Stats in ResearchThe Stevens SystemThe Nominal ScaleThe Ordinal ScaleThe Interval ScaleThe Ratio ScaleGeneral Properties of the Stevens ScaleQualitative vs. Quantitative dataData Type and the Stevens ScaleReal Limits or True LimitsCalculating Real LimitsSlide 34Statistical NotationOrder of OperationsExamplesHomework - Chapter 1Psychology 230: Psychological Measurement and StatisticsThere are three kinds of lies: Lies, damned lies, and statistics.-Benjamin DisraeliInteresting StatisticsMore than 60% of all accidents occur within 2 miles of one’s home.The national median salary is $30,000.There are more right-handed people than left-handed people.The safest way to travel is….FLYING!How bad is this going to be?Statistics is not math (it’s a way or organizing and interpreting info…but it does use some mathematical procedures).Math fears: Basic Mathematical Review (Appendix A in your book). Don’t be overwhelmed by research papers/articles/reports.Symbols (i.e. ). Jargon (i.e. ANOVA = analysis of variance). Based in logic.The BasicsTerms and ConceptsFoundations and Common Terms: Populations vs. SamplesData: numbers, measurements collected.Population: complete set of people/objects (scores) having some common characteristic. The entire collection of events - denoted by N.Sample: subset of population that share same characteristic used to infer characteristics of the pop - denoted by n.Describing Data: Parameters vs. StatsParameter: value summarizing characteristic of population; constants; Greek letters are used to represent parameters. Statistic: value summarizing characteristic of a sample; variables; use Roman letters to represent.Sampling error: the discrepancy, of amount of error that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter.Research MethodologyStatistics & research methods are intricately tied.–The stats you perform are partially determined by the design of your experiment.–Some research projects are designed for use with particular stats procedures.This is NOT a research methods class. However…Foundations and Common Terms: VariablesVariable: measurable characteristic that changes with person, environment, experiment [e.g. height, IQ, learning (X or Y)].Constant: a characteristic or condition that does NOT change (e.g. , time of day, religion).Discrete variable: One that has limited number of values (e.g. children & cars).Continuous variable: One that has an infinite number of values (e.g. exam scores, time, age).$24,000$50,000$30,000$30,000$55,000$40,000Correlational Method9 12 15 186050403020Correlational method: two variables are measured and compared to see if there is a relationship - observational.SalarySubject Education (yrs)ABCDEF12181691614More about VariablesIndependent Variable (IV): variable examined to determine its effect on outcome of interest (DV)–manipulated variable (e.g. a dose of a drug).–Subject or organismic variable / time variable: naturally occurring IV; not controlled (e.g. eye color, time of day).Dependent Variable (DV): outcome of interest measured to assess the effects of IV– not under experimental control (e.g. how a person reacts to a drug) .Confound: DV is affected by a variable related to IV– don’t know what caused effect on DV (e.g. herbs taken in addition to drug).Experimental MethodExperimental: one variable is manipulated while changes are observed in the other. Looking for cause and effect relationships. Includes a control group and an experimental group.Random sample: assign subjects to treatments in EQUAL and INDEPENDENT manner to avoid bias.Remaining Methodological TermsTheory: statements about underlying mechanisms of behavior.Hypothesis: a prediction about the relationship between variables. Constructs: hypothetical concepts used to organize behavior that can’t be observed (e.g. intelligence, attention).Operational definition: defines a construct in terms of specific procedures or measurements that result from them (e.g. an IQ test; eye movement to a display item).Example: Experimental MethodDifference?IV(treatment)DV(test)Talk therapy MeditationMood Score Mood ScoreWhich therapy works best for depressed patients?Construct = Depression.Operational Def. = Mood score.Hypothesis = Meditation will be as good a treatment for depression as talk therapy.Experiment with ConfoundTalk therapy MeditationMood Score Mood ScoreIV(treatment)DV(test)ConfoundDr. Smith Dr. BrownQuasi-Experimental MethodQuasi-experimental: comparing groups like experimental methodology but not manipulating one of the groups. Uses subject/time variables.Subject variableDV(test)6th grade boysBasic Skills6th grade girlsBasic SkillsExampleDoes the number of hours of sleep before a test affect your performance on that test?–Correlation to look at each variables relationship to the other.–Experiment if you divide participants into sleep groups.•Sleep time = 4, 6, or 8 hours (Independent variable).•Performance on the exam (Dependent variable).Example 2Does stress affect memory? Is it differentially affected for men vs. women.–1st question is requires an experimental design•Independent variable is the amount of stress (a construct). This variable needs to be operationally defined, so look at the amount of cortisol a correlate of stress. Give 3 groups different amounts. Can you think of another way of doing this?•Dependent variable is the performance on a memory test (memory is also a construct and so needs an operational def.).–Question 2 requires a quasi-experimental design dividing the groups given cortisol into groups of men vs. women and looking at their memory test scores.Gross OverviewAll StatisticsDescriptive Statistics Inferential StatisticsDescriptive StatisticsProcedures for summarizing and


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