MAE 438/538 Smart MaterialsGrading scheme for MAE 438Grading scheme for MAE 538Test datesSmart materialsSmart structuresCivil structuresLightweight structuresFunctions for structuresApplications of strain-stress sensingSlide 11Applications of damage sensingDamage sensing methodsPiezoresistivitySlide 15Slide 16Self-healing conceptProblems with self-healingTypes of smartnessAdvantages of intrinsic smartnessSlide 21Advantages of automatic highwaySlide 23Applications of materialsReading assignmentApplicationsHistory of human civilizationTypes of materialsCeramicsExamples of ceramicsPolymersSlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Examples of polymersSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Types of polymerSlide 45CompositesComposite materialsSlide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Cement-matrix compositesCarbonsStructuresStructures (continued)Multifunctionality in structuresMultifunctionality in structures (continued)Embedded or attached devices or materialsDisadvantages of embedded or attached devicesStructural performanceStructural performance (continued)Electronic applicationsElectrical applicationsElectrical applications (continued)Slide 65Slide 66Optical applicationsMagnetic applicationsMagnetic applications (continued)Electronic packagingThermal applicationsMechanisms of heat transferMaterials for thermal applicationsElectrochemical reactionElectrochemical applicationsEnvironmental protectionBiomedical applicationsBiomedical materials and devicesBiomedical materials and devices (continued)Requirements of implant materialsA biomedical composite materialSlide 82Desirable qualities of an adsorption materialPore size nomenclatureFunctions of filter materialsMAE 438/538 Smart MaterialsProfessor Deborah [email protected] Hall, Room 608Tel. (716) 645-2593 X2243Fax. (716) 645-3875Grading scheme for MAE 438Test 1 25%Test 2 25%Final 50%Grading scheme for MAE 538Test 1 20%Test 2 20%Final 40%Paper 20%Test datesTest 1: Feb. 3, 2005Test 2: Mar. 22, 2005Smart materialsMaterials for smart structuresSmart structuresStructures that can sense stimuli and respond to them in appropriate fashionsCivil structuresBuildings Bridges PiersHighwaysAirport runwaysLandfill coverLightweight structuresAircraftSatellitesTurbine bladesAutomobilesBicyclesSporting goodsWheelchairsTransportable bridgesFunctions for structures•Structural•Vibration reduction•Self-sensing of strain/stress•Self-sensing of damage•Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding•Lightning protection•Self-heating (e.g., deicing)•Self-healingApplications of strain-stress sensing•Traffic monitoring•Weighing (including weighing in motion)•Building facility management•Security•Structural vibration controlApplications of damage sensing•Structural health monitoring•Damage/microstructural evolution studyDamage sensing methods•Acoutic emission•Electrical resistivity measurement•Optical fiber sensor embedmentPiezoresistivity•Change of electrical resistivity due to strain•Gage factor = fractional change in resistance per unit strain (more than 2)•Gage factor up to 700 attained in carbon fiber reinforced cementSelf-healing concept•Embedding microcapsules of monomer in composite•Having catalyst in composite outside the microcapsules•Upon fracture of microcapsule, monomer meets catalyst, thereby former a polymer which fills the crack.Problems with self-healing•Toxicity of monomer•High cost of catalystTypes of smartness•Extrinsic smartness•Intrinsic smartnessAdvantages of intrinsic smartness•Low cost•High durability•Large functional volume•Absence of mechanical property lossAdvantages of automatic highwaySafetyMobilityLane Lane (a) (b)Applications of materialsTopic 1Reading assignmentChung, “Composite Materials”, Ch. 1 on Applications.Askeland and Phule, The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4th Edition, Ch. 15 on Polymers.ApplicationsStructural applicationsElectronic applicationsThermal applicationsElectrochemical applicationsEnvironmental applicationsBiomedical applicationsHistory of human civilizationStone AgeBronze AgeIron AgeSteel AgeSpace Age Electronic AgeTypes of materialsMetalsCeramicsPolymersSemiconductorsComposite materialsCeramicsIonic/covalent bondingVery hard (brittle)High melting temperatureLow electrical/thermal conductivityExamples of ceramicsAl2O3 (aluminum oxide or alumina) Fe3O4 (iron oxide or ferrite)WC (tungsten carbide)Cement (silicates)PolymersMoleculesSoftLow melting temperatureLow electrical/thermal conductivity(PVC)©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.StyreneExamples of polymersRubberPolyesterNylonCellulosePitchCopolymerPolymer blend©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.Styrene-butadiene block copolymerBranching©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.Types of polymerThermoplastic (softens upon heating)Thermoset (does not soften upon heating)Compression moldingCompositesArtificial combinations of materialsComposite materialsPolymer-matrix compositesCement-matrix compositesMetal-matrix compositesCarbon-matrix compositesCeramic-matrix compositesComposite materialsParticulateFibrous (discontinuous fibers)Fibrous (continuous fibers)LamellarCement-matrix compositesCement pasteMortarConcreteCarbonsGraphiteDiamondFullerenes (buckminsterfullerenes)Carbon nanotubesTurbostratic carbonDiamond-like carbon (DLC)Intercalation compounds of graphiteExfoliated graphite (“worms”)Flexible graphiteStructuresBuildings, bridges, piers, highways, landfill coverAircraft, satellites, missilesAutomobiles (body, bumper, shaft, window, engine components, brake, etc.)Bicycles, wheelchairsShips, submarinesMachineryTennis rackets, fishing rods, skisStructures (continued)Pressure
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