ART 1040 3-D Design Study GuidePart 3 Chapter 9: Elements of Three-Dimensional Design[3-D elements: Line, plane, mass, volume, texture, light, color, space]FORM DefinitionsForm: the physical manifestation of an idea; in a certain context it can also refer to three-dimensionality itselfContent: the idea itself, including the subject matter with emotional, spiritual and symbolic implications Types of Form- Volume – empty 3-D form - Mass – solid 3-D form - Positive forms – areas of substance (balanced with negative space)- Organic forms – forms that visually suggest nature/natural forces- Geometric forms – typically based on cubes, spheres and other simple volumes- Mechanical forms – suggest and industrial source (ex. belts and gears)- Static forms – stable and unmoving, designed to last forever (ex. Great Pyramids at Giza)- Dynamic forms: imply movement, involving rotating figures and curving lines- Kinetic forms: actually moveForm and FunctionDefinitionsFunction: when a form must fulfill a specific purpose While industrial designers have a different purpose than sculptors, both use the same basic elements and principles of design including organizing: line, plane, volume, mass, space, color and texture. Orthographic ProjectionDefinitionsOrthographic projection: method of depicting 3-D forms on 2-D surfaces that, unlike perspective, uses parallel lines to define structural detailsHeight, width and depth are the 3 dimensions in 3-D design. An orthographic projection depicts 6 views of a 3-D form. Degrees of Dimensionality- Relief: artist uses flat backing for a base for 3-D forms- ¾ Works: can walk around piece, examining front and two sides, creating implied motion - Freestanding works: designed to be seen from all sides Environmental WorksDefinitionsEnvironmental work: a space that can be physically entered [ex. Earthworks (outdoors) and installations (indoor)]; often require active audience participationInstallation: ensemble of images/objects presented within a 3-D environment; evokes emotional and physical response fro audienceEarthwork: large-scale outdoor installation often extending over great distances in time and space; can require a lot of physical engagement from artist and audience Site-specific artwork: designed for and installed in a specific placeLINE (3-D element)DefinitionsLine: (1) a series of adjacent points, (2) a connection between points, (3) a point in motion Line Quality DefinitionsOrientation: horizontal, vertical or diagonal position of a lineDirection: implied movement of a line; consistent width suggests equal movement in both directions; varying line width creates a more specific sense of directionContinuity: (linear flow) increases movement and accentuates form Actual LinesDefinitionsActual lines: connect, define or divide a design through their physical presence Implied lines: created through mental rather than physical connectionsSight line: more important for the vision it creates than as object itselfLine Networks Single lines bring simple eloquence to a design, but multiple lines can create a strongcomplex and versatile form. PLANEDefinitionsPlane: 3-D form that has length and width but minimal thickness, can be transparentor opaque, rigid or flexible, flat or curved; intersecting planes can create strong large-scale structuresVOLUME AND MASS (3-D element)VolumeDefinitionsVolume: amount of space an object occupies; in 3-D design refers to an enclosed areaof 3-D space (ex. Cubes, cylinders, cones, spheres)Polyhedra: multi-faceted volumesMassDefinitionsMass: solid 3-D form; can be heavy or light, often carved from solid blocks of clay, plaster or stone, or cast in bronze, glass or other materialsPrimary contours: outer edges (usually complemented by secondary contours-internal edges); as viewer circles object contours tend to alternateMassive forms suggest: stability, power and permanence. SPACE (3-D element)DefinitionsSpace: area within or around an area of substance, the partner to substance, without which line, plane, volume and mass lose visual impact and functional purposePositive and Negative SpaceNegative space is particularly noticeable in designs dominated by positive form. It presents contrast in the form. Compression and ExpansionSpace isn’t passive or meaningless. It is just as important as the surrounding substance and can be manipulated.Activated SpaceSpace in an artwork can be contemplative, agitated or even threatening. Entering SpaceSome sculptures are designed to be entered physically. Other sculptures can only be entered mentally. TEXTURE (3-D element)DefinitionsTexture: the visual or tactile quality of a form; increased surface area heightens impact of texture Degrees of TextureVariations in the surface of a volume can be subtle or pronounced. Characteristics and Contradictory TexturesMaterials have their own inherent textural properties. Clay, glass and metal can be poured, cast or pressed to create textures. Gold, which occurs in nature as dust, nuggets or veins, can be cast, hammered, enameled and soldered. But each of these materials can be manipulated to create various textures and even go so far as to mimic other materials’ textures. The Implications of Texture Texture can enhance or defy our understanding of physical form. Conceptually, texture can add layers of meaning to art and design. LIGHT (3-D element)Light can enhance or obscure understanding of form. Often overlooked, light is a crucial aspect of 3-D design. Value and Volume A gradated series of highlights and shadows is created whenever light hits a surface. We use these variations of light and dark as the primary way of perceiving space. A badly lit form will lack definition and impact, while simple forms can attract attention if well/dramatically lit. Striking a SurfaceDefinitionsTransparent: clear, plastic or glass surfaces Refracted: (bent) creates a complex network of luminous shapes Reflective surfaces: bounce light back into space; as a result these objects appear to give off their own lightTranslucent: a partially transparent surface, neither fully opaque nor fully transparent, they can be mysteriousAmbient and Directed LightDefinitionsAmbient light: encompasses an entire space or setting Directed light: localized and focused light, like a spotlight Light as Sculpture Projection and containment are two common ways to create sculptural light. COLOR (3-D element)Hue: determined by its wavelength Value: lightness or