The Physiology of Deep Water RunningLecture OutlineUsesSlide 4Uses (con’t)Slide 6Cardiorespiratory Response Water ImmersionCardiovascular ResponseCardiovascular Response (con’t)Alterations of Lung FunctionPhysiological Response to DWRMuscle Recruitment Changes?Reduced HR During DWRRespiratory Exchange RatioSummary of DWRLongitudinal StudiesThe Physiology of Deep Water RunningThe Physiology of Deep Water RunningDr. MoranDr. MoranEXS 558EXS 558November 16, 2005November 16, 2005Lecture OutlineLecture OutlineIntroductionIntroductionWhat is the purpose? USESWhat is the purpose? USESResearch Interest Research Interest  9,470 hits in Google Scholar for deep-water 9,470 hits in Google Scholar for deep-water runningrunningCardiorespiratory Responses to Water ImmersionCardiorespiratory Responses to Water ImmersionBlood CompartmentsBlood CompartmentsCardiovascularCardiovascularLung FunctionLung FunctionPhysiological ResponsePhysiological ResponseMaximal exerciseMaximal exerciseSub-maximal exerciseSub-maximal exerciseLongitudinal StudiesLongitudinal Studies“The Physiology of Deep Water Running” Journal of Sport SciencesReilly et al. (2003)UsesUsesWhy deep-water running?Why deep-water running?Injury preventionInjury prevention–Decreased compressive forces on Decreased compressive forces on spine (Dowzer et al., 1998)spine (Dowzer et al., 1998)–Decreased lower back injuries Decreased lower back injuries within a running populationwithin a running population–Reduced musculoskeletal loading Reduced musculoskeletal loading as compared to over-ground as compared to over-ground runningrunning–Rudzki & Cunningham (1999): with Rudzki & Cunningham (1999): with the introduction of deep-water the introduction of deep-water running a total reduction of injury running a total reduction of injury of 46.6% in military recruitsof 46.6% in military recruitsUsesUsesRecoveryRecoveryRecommended for accelerating the recovery rate in Recommended for accelerating the recovery rate in between soccer games between soccer games (Cable, 2000) (Cable, 2000)This has not been scientifically provenThis has not been scientifically provenReilly et al. (2001) Reilly et al. (2001) Examined the role that deep-water running had on Examined the role that deep-water running had on preventing delayed-onset-muscle-soreness (DOMS)preventing delayed-onset-muscle-soreness (DOMS)Deep-water running (DWR) failed to prevent DOMS but Deep-water running (DWR) failed to prevent DOMS but appeared to speed the process of recovery for leg appeared to speed the process of recovery for leg strength and perceived sorenessstrength and perceived sorenessLeg strength was reduced 20% 48hr post-activity w/o Leg strength was reduced 20% 48hr post-activity w/o DWR but 7% with DWRDWR but 7% with DWRUses Uses (con’t)(con’t)Health-Related ExercisesHealth-Related ExercisesRecommended for people with Recommended for people with orthopedic injuriesorthopedic injuriesCardiovascular TrainingCardiovascular Training–Overweight PeopleOverweight People–Takeshima et al. (2002)Takeshima et al. (2002)Women aged 60-75 had Women aged 60-75 had improvements in:improvements in:1.) Knee extension strength1.) Knee extension strength2.) Chest Press2.) Chest Press3.) VO2 Max3.) VO2 Max4.) Vertical Jump4.) Vertical Jump5.) Shoulder Press5.) Shoulder PressUses Uses (con’t)(con’t)Ancillary TrainingAncillary TrainingEndurance athletes attempting to increase training volume without Endurance athletes attempting to increase training volume without the associated pounding on musculoskeletal systemthe associated pounding on musculoskeletal systemSummary of UsesSummary of UsesPopulationPopulationPurposePurposeBenefitBenefitInjuredInjuredRehabilitation Prevents detrainingAccelerates RehabSoccer PlayersSoccer PlayersRecovery from DOMS Accelerates RecoveryPain-free exerciseRunnersRunnersAncillary training Avoid overtrainingNM trainingUntrainedUntrainedAerobic/Strength Training Avoids injuries associated with over-land exercisePromotes muscular strengthPhysically DisabledPhysically DisabledAllows movement Freedom from risk of fallingOverweightOverweightAerobic Training Reduced load-bearing on joints (prevent injury)Cardiorespiratory Response Cardiorespiratory Response Water ImmersionWater ImmersionBlood CompartmentsBlood CompartmentsHydrostatic Vascular GradientHydrostatic Vascular Gradient–Contributes to increased central blood volume because of Contributes to increased central blood volume because of adjusted intrathoracic pressure relative to surrounding wateradjusted intrathoracic pressure relative to surrounding water–Pressure imbalancePressure imbalanceBetween thoracic cavity and alveolar spacesBetween thoracic cavity and alveolar spacesCreates a 700ml redistribution of blood volume to the Creates a 700ml redistribution of blood volume to the central circulation with the heart accepting about 200ml central circulation with the heart accepting about 200ml of thatof that (Arborelius et al. 1972) (Arborelius et al. 1972) The effect of graded immersion on heart volume, central venoThe effect of graded immersion on heart volume, central venous pressure, pulmonary blood distribution, and heart rate inus pressure, pulmonary blood distribution, and heart rate in man. man. RischRisch et al. (1977) et al. (1977)Cardiovascular ResponseCardiovascular ResponseCardiac OutputCardiac Output↑↑ 30-35% when an individual at rest is immersed in water30-35% when an individual at rest is immersed in waterObviously creates an improved end-diastolic volume (EDV)Obviously creates an improved end-diastolic volume (EDV)Peripheral Vascular Volume (PVV)Peripheral Vascular Volume (PVV)Hydrostatic pressure of tissues causes transcapillary fluid Hydrostatic pressure of tissues causes transcapillary fluid shift leading to a shift leading to a ↓↓ in PVV in PVVThus, an Thus, an ↑↑ with thoracic blood volume with thoracic blood volume  stretch of heart stretch of heart wallswallsChristie et al. (1990)Christie et al. (1990)left-ventricular end-systolic (30% left-ventricular end-systolic (30% ↑↑ ) and end-daistolic ) and end-daistolic pressure greater in water than on landpressure greater in water than on landCardiovascular Response Cardiovascular Response (con’t)(con’t)Stroke volume higher for any exercise intensity