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MDC BSC 2010 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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Chapter 16Overview: Life’s Operating InstructionsSlide 3Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic materialThe Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific InquiryEvidence That DNA Can Transform BacteriaLE 16-2Slide 8Evidence That Viral DNA Can Program CellsLE 16-3Slide 11LE 16-4Additional Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic MaterialLE 16-5Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific InquiryLE 16-6Slide 17Race for the PrizeThe story of DNA :The social nature of scienceThe story continues….LE 16-7Slide 22LE 16-UN298Slide 24LE 16-8Concept 16.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repairThe Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template StrandLE 16-9_1LE 16-9_2LE 16-9_3LE 16-9_4Slide 32LE 16-10Slide 34LE 16-11DNA Replication: A Closer LookGetting Started: Origins of ReplicationLE 16-12Slide 39Elongating a New DNA StrandLE 16-13Antiparallel ElongationSlide 43LE 16-14Slide 45Priming DNA SynthesisLE 16-15_1LE 16-15_2LE 16-15_3LE 16-15_4LE 16-15_5LE 16-15_6Enzymes: Helicase, DNA polymerase and ligaseEach strand serves as a template (blueprint) for the synthesis of a new strandErrorsSlide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Other Proteins That Assist DNA ReplicationSlide 61LE 16-16Slide 63The DNA Replication Machine as a Stationary ComplexProofreading and Repairing DNALE 16-17Replicating the Ends of DNA MoleculesLE 16-18Slide 69LE 16-19Slide 71Protein synthesisReplication is Relatively Fast and Very AccurateTHE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEINSlide 75Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsPowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh EditionNeil Campbell and Jane ReeceLectures by Chris RomeroChapter 16Chapter 16The Molecular Basis of InheritanceCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOverview: Life’s Operating Instructions•In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced an elegant double-helical model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA•DNA, the substance of inheritance, is the most celebrated molecule of our time•Hereditary information is encoded in DNA and reproduced in all cells of the body•This DNA program directs the development of biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and (to some extent) behavioral traitsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsConcept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material•Early in the 20th century, the identification of the molecules of inheritance loomed as a major challenge to biologistsCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific Inquiry•When Morgan’s group showed that genes are located on chromosomes, the two components of chromosomes—DNA and protein—became candidates for the genetic material•The key factor in determining the genetic material was choosing appropriate experimental organisms•The role of DNA in heredity was first discovered by studying bacteria and the viruses that infect themCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEvidence That DNA Can Transform Bacteria•The discovery of the genetic role of DNA began with research by Frederick Griffith in 1928•Griffith worked with two strains of a bacterium, a pathogenic “S” strain and a harmless “R” strain•When he mixed heat-killed remains of the pathogenic strain with living cells of the harmless strain, some living cells became pathogenic•He called this phenomenon transformation, now defined as a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNALE 16-2LE 16-2Living S cells(control)Living R cells(control)Heat-killedS cells (control)Mixture of heat-killedS cells and livingR cellsMouse diesLiving S cellsare found in blood sampleMouse healthyMouse healthyMouse diesRESULTSCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•In 1944, Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod announced that the transforming substance was DNA•Their conclusion was based on experimental evidence that only DNA (DNA must be the genetic material) worked in transforming harmless bacteria into pathogenic bacteria•Many biologists remained skeptical, mainly because little was known about DNACopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEvidence That Viral DNA Can Program Cells•More evidence for DNA as the genetic material came from studies of a virus that infects bacteria•Such viruses, called bacteriophages (or phages), are widely used in molecular genetics research•What is a bacteriophage? A virus that infects bacteriaLE 16-3LE 16-3BacterialcellPhageheadTailTail fiberDNA100 nmCopyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings•In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed experiments showing that DNA is the genetic material of a phage known as T2•To determine the source of genetic material in the phage, they designed an experiment showing that only one of the two components of T2 (DNA or protein) enters an E. coli cell during infection•They concluded that the injected DNA of the phage provides the genetic informationLE 16-4LE 16-4Bacterial cellPhageDNARadioactiveproteinEmptyprotein shellPhageDNARadioactivity(phage protein)in liquidBatch 1:Sulfur (35S)RadioactiveDNACentrifugePellet (bacterialcells and contents)PelletRadioactivity(phage DNA)in pelletCentrifugeBatch 2:Phosphorus (32P)Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsAdditional Evidence That DNA Is the Genetic Material•In 1947, Erwin Chargaff reported that DNA composition varies from one species to the next•This evidence of diversity made DNA a more credible candidate for the genetic material•By the 1950s, it was already known that DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate groupLE 16-5LE 16-5Sugar–phosphatebackbone5 endNitrogenousbasesThymine (T)Adenine (A)Cytosine (C)DNA nucleotidePhosphate3 endGuanine (G)Sugar (deoxyribose)Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsBuilding a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific Inquiry•After most biologists became convinced that DNA was the genetic material, the challenge was to determine how its structure accounts for its role•Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin were using a technique called X-ray crystallography to study molecular structure•Franklin


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MDC BSC 2010 - The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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