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UW-Madison ECE 533 - Image Processing - Critical to Hubble Discoveries

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1’Facts & Figures’ - http://hubble.stsci.edu/reference_desk/facts_.and._figures/2’HST Instruments’ - http://www.stsci.edu/hst/HST_overview/instruments3’What does raw data look like?’ - http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/hubble/ideas/picture/picture2.html4’The Hubble Helix’ - http://archive.stsci.edu/hst/helix/reductions.html5‘Hubble Space Telescope image restoration in its fourth year’ - http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0266-5611/11/4/0036Digital Image Processing by Gonzalez and Woods7’Astronomical Image Restoration’ - http://www.iis.ee.ic.ac.uk/%7Efrank/surp00/article1/spss98/astro.html8Titan Image Processing: http://www.cv.nrao.edu/adass/adassVI/wun.html9photo of first confirmed 'brown dwarf' http://www.chron.com/content/interactive/space/missions/sts-103/hubble/archive/951130.html10Drizzling Dithered WFPC2 Images - http://icarus.stsci.edu/~stefano/newcal97/pdf/mutchlerm.pdf11The Meaning of Color - http://hubblesite.org/sci.d.tech/behind_the_pictures/meaning_of_color/index.shtmOthers:‘On-the-Fly Reprocessing of HST Data‘ - http://archive.stsci.edu/hst/otfr/‘STIS’ - http://www.ball.com/aerospace/stis.html‘Directory of Software for image analysis’ - http://dmoz.org/Science/Astronomy/Software/Image_Processing_and_Data_Analysis/‘Nonlinear Image Recovery with Half-Quadratic Regularization’ - http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/geman95nonlinear.html‘Hubble Space Telescope’ - http://www.stsci.edu/hst/Image Processing: Critical to Hubble DiscoveriesLucas Divine & Chris LavinECE 533: Image Processing12/12/030Welcome to the HubbleThe Hubble Space Telescope was deployed into space in 1990, but itsconception took place in the 1940’s. The Hubble is a masterful telescopedesigned with long term space observation in mind. It has three cameras, twospectrographs, and many guidance sensors to capture high resolution images ofastronomical objects. It is 43.5 feet long, weighs 24.5 thousand pounds, andorbits the earth every 97 minutes1. It was deployed into low-Earth orbit, which isabout 380 miles off the earth. This allows it to view space 10 times better thanany telescopes on earth. It also allows the telescope to see wavelengths that theEarth’s atmosphere filters out. The Space Telescope Science Institute handlesmost of the research and day to day operations of the Hubble. It is operated forNASA and other Astronomical organizations. The images that the Hubblecaptures require a great deal of image processing before they are useful. Thisreport will go over the various techniques used to create the incredible Hubbleimages that the public has been seeing over the last decade.The Hubble’s InstrumentsThe Hubble Space Telescope has a variety of instruments to perform all ofthe necessary tasks that it needs to accomplish. Many of them allow for betterimage processing back on earth. There are many components designed to aidcalibrating, focusing, and pointing the Hubble before any of the cameras can dotheir job. Software packages developed specifically for these purposes allow thecontrol of the configuration hardware. Sensors allow for the reporting of thehundreds of parameters that the other components need to know. The Hubble isequipped with Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS) that are used for high speed1photometry, astrometry, and pointing of the telescope. They provide feedbackused to maneuver the telescope and perform celestial measurements. The main interests of Image Processors are the cameras and other keyinstruments that directly affect the Images that the Hubble Space Telescope isable to take. They consist of the ACS, NICMOS, STIS, and WFPC22. - ACS: This is the Advanced Camera for Surveys. It is a third generationHubble Instrument that includes three electronic cameras, or channels, forvarying pictures. Each of the three channels (wide field, high resolution,and solar blind) has a filter wheel or two that allow each channel to detectlarge swaths of light across a huge spectrum of wavelengths. Forexample, the ramp filters on the filter wheels allow narrow or medium bandimaging centered at an arbitrary wavelength. The ACS increases thediscovery efficiency of the Hubble by a factor of ten. - NICMOS: The Near Infrared Camera and Multi Object Spectrometer seesthe universe at near infrared wavelengths at a higher level of sensitivelyand in sharper detail than any other telescope. The infrared and near-infrared are the primary focus of the three cameras that make up theNICMOS. - STIS: The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph provides spectraimages at ultraviolet and visible wavelengths, probing our solar system aswell as farther cosmological distances. Thus it acts like a prism toseparate light into its component colors. It is a two dimensionalspectrograph that blocks extraneous light and generates the spectra ofmany locations simultaneously. - WFPC2: This is the current Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. There was aversion 1, but the technology has been upgraded, and a version 3 iscurrently being developed. This camera is the workhorse behind many of2the most famous Hubble pictures. The WFPC2 has a four-camera designthat allows it to view more of the sky than a single camera would. Asystem of mirrors divides the beam of incoming light into four separatestreams. This is the cause of sometimes ‘stair-step’ shape images. Thisdevice can observe just about anything and has over 48 filters. Raw Imaging Data from the HubbleRaw data is taken off the cameras and stored in the Hubble Data Archive3.When a user requests data from the Hubble Data Archive, the raw files are thencalibrated by the On The Fly Reprocessing (OTFR) system. WFPC2, NICMOS,and STIS data can all be retrieved with the OTFR system. Through OTFR,Hubble archive users obtain data that can be reprocessed with the latestcalibration files, up to date headers, and the latest software. This allows thesystem to only store uncalibrated data, which significantly reduces the storagespace. Even after recalibration and transmission to earth, the images themselvesneed a lot of work. Depending on what a specific scientist is looking for, theyperform a variety of techniques on the Hubble pictures to take a


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