History 104 Europe from Napoleon to the PRESENT 6 April 2009 Ruins Rebuilding and Two Europes Checkpoint Charlie Berlin Germany Warsaw in 1910 and 1945 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Ruins Children Old People and Ruins Soviet Union 1945 more than 25 million homeless people 7 5 million civilian citizens killed during Nazi occupation nearly in Ukraine 3 000 000 taken as slave labor for German factories 2 000 000 of those died orphans waiting for food UNICEF photo Truman Library over 10 000 000 military deaths France 1945 50 000 60 000 civilians killed by Allied bombing 20 of 27 largest cities at least 1 3 destroyed railroads 1 2 destroyed imports exceeded exports by 500 650 000 workers forced into German factories British residential neighborhood after the Blitz Life magazine Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Ruins Rationing and shortages after the war rationing continues in Britain until 1954 food prices increase 600 in France 1946 1956 approx 2 000 000 deaths from starvation in USSR 1946 1947 Office of War Information poster USA 1943 Upwards of 80 000 women are enrolled in the Women s Land Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Ruins Army for work on British farms British 1944 Der Tr mmerfrauen Women of the Rubble Berlin 1945 1 3 of housing destroyed no electricity gas or water cholera diphtheria epidemics 25 of people were over 60 10 were under 10 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Ruins Wirtschaftswunder and the trente glorieuses economic miracle and thirty glorious years privately owned cars in Italy 1938 469 000 1975 15 000 000 in area of Paris France 1939 500 000 1960 1 000 000 1965 2 000 000 nuclear power plant on the Loire River France skyline Frankfurt am Main Germany From Rubble to Skyscrapers Europe 1945 1975 Introduction Children Old People and Ruins The End of World War II Rebuilding What to do with Germany Two Europes and one Cold War neighborhood war memorial in Munich Germany names of those dead in Franco Prussian War and First World War are on the monument World War Two names are on the plaques behind Berlin 1945 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes lecture structure World War II The Great Patriotic War at least 48 000 000 people out of approx 174 000 000 killed injured or left homeless more than 25 million homeless people 7 5 million civilian citizens killed 3 000 000 taken as slave labor 2 500 000 POWs killed over 10 000 000 military deaths documented deaths roughly 90 times the figures for USA The Glory of Stalin s guards resounds magnificently around the Earth 1947 Soviet Flag Raised over the Reichstag Berlin 2 May 1945 End of World War II Won by the USSR Atomic Weapons The End of War as We Know It War is politics by other means Carl von Clausewitz 1807 survivors return to Hiroshima four months after the bombing Atomic weapons reach backward beyond the frontier of western civilization to the concepts of warfare that were once familiar to the Asiatic hordes They cannot really be reconciled with a political purpose directed to shaping rather than destroying the lives of the adversary They fail to take into account the ultimate responsibility of men for one another and even for each other s errors and mistakes They imply that man is his own worst enemy George Keenan senior U S diplomat memo to Truman Administration 1950 End of World War II What does it mean to win The Big Three Transformed Feb July 1945 For the Russian people Poland is not only a question of honor it is a question of security Throughout history Poland has been the corridor through which the enemy reached Russia For Russia Poland is a matter of life and death Stalin at Yalta Winston Churchill Franklin D Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Yalta Conference Feb 1945 March 1945 Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS order 1067 Take no steps toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany or that are designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy July 1947 JCS 1779 an orderly prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany Stalin Harry Truman Clement Attlee Potsdam Conference July 1945 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes End of World War II What to do with Germany Prussia Hanover Saxony Hesse Bavaria Austria Roosevelt s 1943 plan for partitioning Germany after the war Hitler s Empire 1941 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding Defining Guilt Placing Blame Germany Nuremberg Trials 1945 1946 1946 1949 1945 1946 trial for International war crimes 24 indictments 12 executions 7 prison sentences 3 found innocent France 1944 1951 trials for collaboration approx 2500 death sentences 767 executions 1950 40 000 people in jail for collaboration 1951 1 570 1953 62 1944 1945 purations purges 10 000 people shot The Denazificator 1946 cartoon Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding Defining Guilt Placing Blame France 1949 97 of Vichy collaborationist civil servants and experts still in post West Germany 1954 85 of employees in Ministry of Foreign Affairs had been Nazi Party members higher figure than in 1940 French woman having her head shaved sign of horizontal collaboration Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding European Recovery Plan The Marshall Plan Dollar value of goods provided 1948 1951 France 2 296 000 000 Germany 1 448 000 000 Italy 1 204 000 000 UK 3 297 000 000 Greece 366 000 000 TOTAL 12 721 000 000 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding General George Marshall US Sec of State 1947 1950 Domesticity and Ideology Stalin s care brightens the future for our children 1947 British refrigerator ad 1950 food rationing continued in Britain until 1954 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding Consumer Culture and Europe s Economic Miracle Italian sewing machine advertisement 1950 German sales brochure Volkswagen 1958 Ruins Rebuilding Two Europes Rebuilding Divided Germany Divided Europe 1945 Germany divided into four Occupied Zones June 1948 American British and French zones agree common economic and currency reforms June 1948 May 1949 Soviet land blockade of Berlin July 1948 May 1949 Berlin airlift 34 flights hour May 1949 Federal Republic of Germany West and German Democratic Republic East formed 1952 53 forced collectivization in East prompts emigration 1961 Berlin Wall built Nov 1989 demolition of Wall begins Peter Fechter killed by guards at Berlin Wall 1962 Factors contributing to division of Germany West German political elites chose prosperity and military security over neutrality US economic and political need for a strong German market and ally against Soviet expansion Soviet policy need to rebuild economy after war