NBio 146Planes of SectionSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Central Visual PathwaysSlide 12Motor PathwaysSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Neurological Differential Diagnosis 2Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29NBio 146Neurobiology of DiseaseLocalization:Neuroanatomy Reviewhttp://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/http://web.odu.edu/webroot/instr/sci/kcarson.nsf/pages/492_592descPlanes of SectionQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Anatomical TermsAnterior/PosteriorSuperior/InferiorLateral/MedialDorsal/VentralRostral/CaudalAnatomical Planes of Section in the BrainHorizontal, axial/ transverse/coronal, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittalQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Central Visual PathwaysQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Central Visual PathwaysQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.1.2.3.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.4.5.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.6. Macular sparingHomonymoushemianopiaBitemporalhemianopiaquadrantanopiaMotor PathwaysQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Internal CapsuleCorticospinal and corticobulbar fibers arise from primary motor cortex.Corticobulbar axons terminate in the brainstem.85% of corticospinal axons decussate in the lower medulla.15% form the anterior corticospinal tract.Internal capsule has anterior limb, posterior limb and genu.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Upper MN Lower MNIndividual muscles? No, groups Yes, sometimesAtrophy? Minimal MarkedSpasticity? Yes NoReflexes Hyper- Hypo-Babinski? Yes NoFasiculation? No YesNerve ConductionNormal SlowTone increased decreasedPlantar ResponseScrape object on sole of foot.Babinski sign indicative of UMN lesion.Normal in infants up to 1 yr.General Organization of the Motor SystemsNeurological Differential Diagnosis 2Computerized Tomography (CT)As in conventional X-rays, bone and other calcified structuresare dense and appear white in CT scans. Less dense materialssuch as air appear black. Clear fluid such as CSF is black or dark gray.Isodense = intermediate density similar to brain tissueHyperdense = increased tissue density = much lighter than brain tissue in CTHypodense = decreased tissue density = much darker than brain tissue in CTAdipose tissue is hypodense bcz fat is less dense than water.Muscle has similar density to brain tissue.White matter is slightly darker (less dense) than gray matter due to the lipid content of myelin.MRI FunctionComparison of CT and MRI ImagesBasic MRI image shows greater anatomical detailSPECT imaging of increased blood flow to area of seizureBold fMRI map of sensorimotor and language cortexBroca’s and Wernicke’s areasshown during speechSqueezing a ball with right & left