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NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope

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NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST):The new Frontier in the Cosmos after HubbleRogier Windhorst (ASU) — JWST Interdisciplinary ScientistCollaborators: S. Cohen, R. Jansen (ASU), C. Conselice, S. Driver (UK), & H. Yan (Carnegie)(Ex) ASU Grads: N. Hathi, H. Kim, M. Mechtley, R. Ryan, M. Rutkowski, A. Straughn, & K. TamuraSaguaro Astronomy Club, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, Fr. October 7, 2011All presented materials are ITAR-cleared. These are my opinions only, not ASU’s.Outline• (1) Recent key aspects of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) project.• (2) How has Hubble measured Galaxy Assembly over Cosmic Time?• (3) What is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)?• (4) How can JWST m easure First Light, Reionization,& Galaxy Assembly?• (5) How can JWST m easure Earth-like exoplanets?• (6) Summary and ConclusionsSponsored by NASA/HST & JWSTEdwin P. Hubble (1889–1953) — Carnegie astronomer James E. Webb (1906–1992) — Second NASA AdministratorHubble: Concept in 1970’s; Made in 1980’s; Operational 1990–>∼2014JWST: The infrared sequel to Hubble from 2018–2023 ( –2029?)JWST ≃2.5× larger than Hubble, so at ∼2.5× larger wavelengths:JWST has the same resolution in the near-IR as Hubb le in the optical.(1) Recent key aspects of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) project:The HST Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) — launched 2002 (SM3B).Installing Wide Field Camera 2 (WFPC2) during SM1 in December 1993.Similar to what astronauts did with WFC3 during SM4 in May 2009.New ESA solar panels rolling out during SM1 in December 1993Wide Field Camera 3 for SM4 in 2009: More powerful HST imaging than ever.(2) New studies of the Cosmos with the Hubble W ide Field Camera 3(2) How has Hubble measured Galaxy Assembly over Cosmic Time?One of the remarkable HST discoveries was how numerous and small faintgalaxies are: the building blocks of giant galaxies seen today (T. Ashcraft).(2) HST turned the classical Hubble sequence upside down!Who (when) Cosmic Epoch Ellipticals Spirals Irr’s/mergersHubble (1920’s) z=0 (13.73 Gyr) ∼40%>∼50%<∼10%HST (1990’s) z≃1–2 (3–6 Gyr)<∼15%∼30%>∼55% !M. Rutkowski (Dissertation).H. Kim (Dissertation).Elliptical galaxy M87 with Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) and relativistic jet.M. Mechtley (z=6 Dissertation).HST Antenna galaxy: Prototype of high redshift, star-forming, major merger?Merging galaxies constitute<∼1% of Hubble sequence today (age>∼12.5 Gyr).Tadpole galaxies are early stage mergers, very common at z>∼2 (age<∼3 Gyr).JWST will measure galaxy assembly to z<∼20 (age≃0.2 Gyr).THE HUBBLE DEEP FIELD CORE SAMPLE (I <26:0)z Age(qo= 0:5)0.19 77%0.44 58%0.54 52%0.64 48%0.74 44%0.87 39%0.97 36%1.03 35%1.14 32%1.24 30%1.41 27%1.61 24%1.76 22%2.05 19%2.57 15%3.59 10%(3) What is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)?Need young generation of students & scientists after 2018 ... It’ll be worth it!(RIGHT) Life-size JWST prototype on the Capitol Mall, May 2007 ...(3) What is the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)?• A fully deployable 6.5 meter (25 m2) segmented IR telescope for imagingand spectroscopy at 0.6–28 µm wavelength, to be launched in 2018.• Nested array of sun-shields to keep its ambient temperature at 40 K,allowing faint imaging (31.5 mag = firefly from Moon!) and spectroscopy.(3a) How will JWST travel to its L2 orbit?• After launch in 2018 with an ESA Ariane-V, JWST will orbit around theEarth–Sun Lagrange point L2, 1.5 million km from Earth.• JWST can cover the whole sky in segments that move along with theEarth, observe>∼70% of the time, and send data back to Earth every day.• (3b) How will JWST be automatically deployed?• During its two m onth journey to L2, JWST will be automatically de-ployed, its instruments will be cooled, and be inserted into an L2 orbit.• The entire JWST deployment sequence will be tested several times onthe ground — but only in 1-G: Component and system tests in Houston.• Component fabrication, testing, & integration is on schedule: 18 out of18 flight mirrors completely done, and meeting the 40K specifications!Wave-Front Sensing tested hands-off at 40 K in 1- G at JSC in 2013-2015.Ball 1/6 scale-model for WFS: produces diffraction-limited 2.0 µm images.(3b) JWST instrument update: US (UofA, JPL), ESA, & CSA.MIRI & NIRSpec completed 9/11; NIRCam & FGS delivery to GSFC 12/11.• JWST hardware made in 27 US States:>∼75% of launch-mass finished.• Launch Vehicle (Ariane V), NIRSpec, & MIRI provided by E SA.• JWST Fine Guider Sensor + NIRISS provided by Canadian Space Agency.Despite NASA’s CAN-do approach: Must find all the cans-of-worms ...(4) What is First Light, Reionization, and Galaxy Assembly?HST: Hubble sequence & galaxy evolution at z<∼7–8 (age>∼0.7 Gyr).JWST: First Light, Reionization, & Galaxy Assembly z>∼8-20 (0.2-0.7 Gyr).WMAP: Neutral Hydrogen first forms at z=1091 (age≃0.378 Myr).(4a) How will JWST Observe First Light and Reionization?• Detailed hierarchicalmodels (Dr. V. Bromm)show that formation ofPop III stars reionizeduniverse for the first timeat z≃10–30 (First Light,age≃500–100 Myr).• This should be visibletop JWST as the firstmassive stars and sur-rounding star clusters,and perhaps their ex-tremely lumi nous super-novae at z≃10→30.(4) How will JWST measure First Light & Reionization?• Can’t beat redshift: to see First Light, must observe near–mid IR.⇒ This is why JWST needs NIRCam at 0.8–5 µm and MIRI at 5–28 µm.Hubble UltraDeep Field: Dwarf galaxies at z≃6 (age≃1 Gyr; Yan & Wind-horst 2004), many confirmed by spectra at z≃6 (Malhotra et al. 2005).The “Cosmic Stock Market chart of galaxies: Very few big bright objectsin the first Gyr, but lots of dwarf galaxies at z>∼6 (age<∼1 Gyr).• With proper survey strategy (area AND depth), JWST can trace theentire reionization epoch and detect the first star-forming objects.• JWST can also trace Super-Massive Black Holes as faint Quasars inyoung galaxies (M. Mechtley Dissertation).Hard to see the forest for the trees in the first 0.5 Gyrs?:• Foreground galaxies (z≃1–2 or age≃3–6 Gyr) may gravitationally lensor amplify galaxies at z>∼8–10 (age<∼0.5 Gyr; Wyithe et al. 2011).• This could change the landscape for JWST observing strategies.• (4) How can JWST m easure Galaxy Assembly?HST/WFC3 & ACS reach AB=26.5-27.0 mag (100 fireflies from Moon)over 0.1×full Moon area in 10 filters from 0.2–2µm


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