MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUITSBIOT-SAVART’S LAW The magnetic field intensity dH produced at a certain point P, by the differential current element Idl is proportional to the product Idl and the sine of the angle α between the element and the line joining P to the element and is inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between P and the element. 2sinRdlIdHα∝ 24sinRdlIdHπα= The direction of dH is determined by the right hand rule (RHR) 3244ˆRRldIRRldIHdππvvvv×=×= → ∫×=LRRldIH24ˆπvv (line current)FARADAY’S LAW • The physical or experimental law governing the principle of magnetic induction . • “The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.” • The EMF can either be produced by changing B (induced EMF) or by changing the area, e.g., by moving the wire (motional EMF).SELF INDUCTANCE • According to Faraday’s law, the voltage induced in a coil is proportional to the number of turns N and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux φ. dtdiLdtdididNdtdNv ===φφ • L is the inductance of the inductor commonly called self-inductance (relating the induced voltage in a coil by a time-varying current in the same coil)MUTUAL INDUCTANCE • Two coils in a close proximity are linked together by the magnetic flux produced by current in one coil, therby inducing voltage in the other. → the two coils are said to be magnetically coupled although they are physically apart. • MUTUAL INDUCTANCE is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a neighbouring inductor, measured in henrys (H). • Mutual coupling only exists when the coils are in close proximity, and the circuits are driven by time-varying sources.dtdiLdtdididNv111111==φ dtdiMdtdididNv121111222==φ M21 is mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1 dtdiLdtdididNv222222==φ dtdiMdtdididNv112222111==φ M12 is mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2DOT CONVENTION • MMM==2112 and is always a positive quantity. • The induced voltage dtdiM may be positive or negative. • The choice of polarity is made by examining the way in which both coils are physically wound and applying Lenz’s law in conjunction with the right-hand-rule. • The procedure is inconvenient in circuit analysis since it is difficult to show the construction details of the coil in circuit schematics. → use the dot convention (often predetermined) • If a current enters (leaves) the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage in the second coil is positive (negative) at the dotted terminal of the second coil.TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS Applying KVL to coils 1, dtdiMdtdiLRiv211111++= Applying KVL to coils 2, dtdiMdtdiLRiv122222++=FREQUENCY-DOMAIN ANALYSIS 21111)(IMjILjRVωω++= 12212)(ILjRIMjVωω++=Ex. Practice Problem 13.1 Determine the voltage oV in the circuit shown.Ex. Practice Problem 13.2 Determine the phasor currents 1I and 2I in the circuit