1European Claims 1750New Spain Spanish colony 1521‐1821 (300 years). Creation of “Mexicans”: mixed indigenous & Spanish ancestry, Spanish culture. “Indigenes” (indigenous) resist, remain separate in some areas. (“Indios” more negative popular term) Upper class primarily Spanish/European Most of northern New Spain never heavily settled by Spanish, strong resistance from indigenous Americans. Mexican independence 1821, Mexican Republic 1824. Political turmoil.Map: Annexation of Northern Mexico2Texas 30,000 Anglo‐Americans had moved into Texas, greatly outnumbering the Spanish‐Mexicans; slaveholders 1824 Mexican republic abolishes slavery 1830 Mexico attempts to stop Anglo immigration, enforce laws against slavery 1836 new Mexican constitution restricts “states rights” (over slavery, among others); Anglo‐Texans backed by some Tejanos (Spanish‐Texans) secede from Mexico and create Texas as an independent White state 1845 fearing Texas expansion west, the US annexes Texas as a slave stateTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 US provokes a war with Mexico, easily wins Northern Mexico ceded to the US Guarantees to Mexican citizens living in the area: US citizenship Recognition of property titles from Spain/Mexico Right to be Catholic Right to speak Spanish About 7% of Mexican Americans today are direct descendants of those covered by the treaty Mixed experiences: some retain land & status, others lose land, forced out by Anglo mobs. No consistent protection of citizenship, language, property rightsCalifornia Gold Rush 1848 First entry of significant numbers of Chinese –initially into gold fields, then as laborers to support growing western economy [more later] Anglo‐American immigrants rapidly overwhelm Mexicans in northern California, drive them out Fewer Anglos in desert southern California, Mexican landowners retain much of their land in large rancherosSpanish‐American War 1898 Cubans fighting independence war against Spain The “Maine” blown up under mysterious circumstances in Havana harbor US declares war, wins easily in 10 weeks (more US‐ians die from malaria than warfare) Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam, Wake, become US possessions. Cuba “permitted” to be independent under US oversight, 1901, still controlled by US after Independence wars raging against Spain become wars against US, take time to subdue, especially in Philippines3Chicano History Recap Native people have a long history in what is now Mexico & SW US (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, half of Colorado, & parts of Wyoming, Kansas, Oklahoma) Spanish colonialism, battles with native people, cultural mixing & intermarriage + national ideology Mexicans. ALSO native people who don’t speak Spanish US takes over northern Mexico in a war and a series of coerced treaties/negotiations Anglos become dominant, oppress Mexicans (e.g. Texas rangers) Some White Mexicans/Spanish become part of dominant elite Relatively low immigration until 20thcentury Deportations in 1930s Film: Chicano walkout in the
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