Functional neuroanatomyWhat are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain)5 types of cortical tissueLocalization of function in the nervous system: Functional networksKnowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memorySlide 6Lesion studies of the language network: The major nodesLesion studies of the language network: Disconnection syndromesFunctional neuroimaging of the language networkLanguage function: Using neuroimaging to test hypothesesWhat’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledgeSlide 12Linguistic access to specific types of knowledgeSlide 14Visual processing: Two pathwaysVisual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimagingVisual processing: Attention influences which stream is usedVisual object recognition: Lesion studiesVisual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areasVisual object recognition: Faces & placesVisual object recognition: FacesSlide 22Visual perception & imageryAuditory imageryMotor imageryNaming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledgeSlide 27Slide 28Encoding & recall of category-specific informationSlide 30Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learningRecovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brainAttention, arousal, awarenessAttentionAttention: Trinodal cortical networkSlide 36Slide 37State vs channel functionsThe limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant informationNeurotransmitter systemsSlide 41Sleep/AnatomySleep/EEGSlide 44Conscious awareness: Default modeConscious awareness: Persistent vegetative stateSlide 47Functional [email protected]•Attention•Language•Knowledge•Imagery•Memory–States ‘of mind’ (and body)–Adaptation/plasticity–Language; visual processing; mental imagery•How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new informationWhat are we doing with our brains at this moment?(The student’s brain)•Feeling your chair•Squirming (moving)•Watching•Listening•Remembering•Paying attention•Sleeping•Feeling anxious•Feeling hungry•What happens when you ask a question?•Learning5 types of cortical tissueLocalization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks5 major brain systems subserving cognition and behaviorLeft perisylvian language networkParieto-frontal network for spatial attentionOccipitotemporal network for object/face recognitionMedial temporal/limbic network for learning & memoryPrefrontal network for attention & comportmentKnowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memoryLanguage & namingVisual systems & category-specific processingImagery/sensory memoryKnowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memoryLanguage & namingVisual systems & category-specific processingImagery/sensory memoryLesion studies of the language network:The major nodesBroca’s (production) Wernicke’s (comprehension)Lesion studies of the language network:Disconnection syndromesAlexia without agraphiaGeschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962Functional neuroimaging of the language networkOne to many, many to oneCJ Price, J Anat 2002Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypothesesCJ Price, J Anat 2002What’s in a name?A means to access specific types of knowledgeWhat’s in a name?A means to access specific types of knowledgeElephantLinguistic access to specific types of knowledgeDamasio H, Nature 1996Knowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memoryLanguage & namingVisual systems & category-specific processingImagery/sensory memoryVisual processing: Two pathwaysDorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognitionDisorders:visual object agnosiaprosopagnosiaachromatopsia Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial locationDisorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsiaVisual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimagingUngerleider LG, PNAS 1998Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is usedUngerleider LG, PNAS 1998Visual object recognition: Lesion studiesAgnosias may be specific to certain categories of informationVisual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areasHaxby JV, Science 2001Visual object recognition: Faces & placesKanwisher N, Science, 2006Visual object recognition: FacesTsaoKnowledge: The convergence of language, perception, and memoryLanguage & namingVisual systems & category-specific processingImagery/sensory memoryVisual perception & imageryGanis G, Cog Brain Res 2004Auditory imageryKosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001Motor imageryKosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledgeName this animal and tell me what you know about itNaming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledgeName this person and tell me what you know about himNaming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledgeDamasio H, Cognition 2004Object-specific naming deficits Object-specific recognition deficitsEncoding & recall of category-specific informationEncoding of category-specific information activates relevant areas of cortexPolyn SM et al., Science, 2005Faces: Fusiform gyrusPlaces: Parahippocampal gyrusEncoding & recall of category-specific informationReactivation of category-specific areas occurs prior to verbal recallPolyn SM et al., Science, 2005Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learningRecovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brainFernandez B, Stroke 2004 1 year after stroke1 month after strokePlasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & spaceAttention, arousal, awareness•Focused attention & visuospatial attention•Arousal•Coma•Persistent vegetative state•Sleep•Conscious awarenessAttentionAttention: Trinodal cortical networkMesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999Hypothesized from patients & animals with lesionsAttention: Trinodal cortical networkGitelman DR et al., Ann Neurol 1996;39:174-9Gitelman DR et al., Brain 1999;122:1093-1106Confirmed with functional neuroimaging (fMRI & PET)AttentionMesulam MM, Phil Trans R Soc London, 1999State vs channel functionsStatesSleep/arousalNeeds (e.g., hunger)MoodChannelsThe limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant informationLaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001Neurotransmitter systemsNeurotransmitter