1Ex. Cohabitation, Marriage, and $• Heidi, an assistant manager at a shoe store, lives with her boyfriend and her boyfriend’s parents. She implies that marriage, but not cohabitation, requires economic and residential independence, which boils down to having enough money:• “Right now, we wouldn't be able to afford, you know, to be out on our own . . . . To have to pay rent . . . to pay bills . . . . I mean, I realize that you're going to have rent and I realize that you're going to have you know, utilities and groceries and furnishings and stuff like that. I don't think he realizes that half the time and he's like, "Hmmm, so let's go!" You know, and. . . I think ahead and . . . I think that we need to have more income coming in so we can be able to do that.”Ex. Cohabitation, Marriage, and $• Here, one can see that perceptions of prerequisites for marriage also involve relations to others such as family members. Asked whether he’s considering marriage, Leroy answered:• R: Well, it crossed my mind. Um . . . . I always said I just couldn't afford it. If I could afford it I probably would be married by now . . . .You can't get married for free.• I: Ok. But you could go down to the justice of the peace, you could have a simple church wedding, you could, I mean…• R: But that's the poor people way.Ex. Cohabitation, Marriage, and $• Women also sometimes express views that men have more responsibility for providing in marriage than women. Kerry, a 25-year-old married homemaker, reflects on what had to be in place for her to marry her partner, illustrating the expectation the male needs to be a provider: “I don't know if he was really thinking about what marriage meant. You know, he was gonna have to take care of us, and have a family now, and be a provider. He was just being kind of immature still…” Kerry also says that they were “trying to get him into a career that, you know, was gonna make enough money for us…And then worry about getting married …”2Ex. Cohabitation, Marriage, and $robat DocumentQualitative Data• Can come in many forms– Field notes– Interview data– Focus group data– Text, other media• Key feature is that it is non-numericalRelationship with Theory• Typically relationship is “looser” than in most quantitative analyses• Often start with observations and move to theory rather than the reverse• More interplay between data and theory– Grounded theory methods• Extremely helpful for theory building/development3Analyzing qualitative data• Initial coding • Focused coding • Memoing• Many computer programs for this • Can also do quantitative analysis of qualitative data. Initial/Open Coding• Assign broad headings to data – identify key concepts by which to classify data• Headings typically derived from theory or past research and from a careful initial examination of the data• No need to be mutually exclusive• Facilitates more focused coding – creation of subcategoriesFocused Coding• Develop more detailed categories of classification• Based on careful analysis of data within larger initial/open codes• e.g., need to distinguish prohibited dietary behaviors from prohibited sexual behaviors in Leviticus example4Memoing• Akin to daily write up of field notes• Append memos to data describing– Rationale for coding– Initial theoretical interpretations– Operational notes – help to understand data– Questions for subsequent follow up– Any other relevant thoughtsIntegration of Qualitative and Quantitative Data• Quantitative data used to provide general picture• Qualitative data used to provide deeper understanding• Difficulty of choosing representative data to presentQuantitative Analysis of Qualitative and Data• Presentation of distribution of data falling into given categories• e.g., what proportion of people’s response to interviewers question can be considered racist?• e.g., what proportion of magazine ads portrayed women in a submissive role? • Helps reader to evaluate the data being
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