Slide 1Why Do We Classify Organisms?ClassificationBinomial NomenclatureHierarchical ClassificationKingdoms and DomainsSystematics: Evolutionary Classification of OrganismsTaxonomic DiagramsDichotomous Keys Identify OrganismsThank YouSlide 11Introduction to Phylogenetic KingdomsWhere Do Viruses Fit?The Kingdom Monera - EubacteriaThe Kingdom Monera - ArchaebacteriaEcological Importance of ProkaryotesThe Kingdom Protista or ProtoctistaEcological Importance of ProtistsThe Kingdom FungiEcological Importance of FungiThe Kingdom PlantaeMajor Groups of PlantsImportance of Plants to HumansThe Kingdom AnimaliaInvertebrates and VertebratesInvertebrate Animals IEarthworm Inquiry ActivityInvertebrate Animals IIVertebrate AnimalsThank YouSlide 31What Are Viruses?How Do Viruses Differ From Living Organisms?How Were Viruses First Discovered I?How Were Viruses First Discovered II?How Are Viruses Studied?What Are Viruses Made Of?How Are Viruses Classified?What Organisms and Host Cells Do Viruses Infect?How Do Viruses Reproduce?The Lytic Reproductive Cycle of BacteriophagesThe Lysogenic Reproductive Cycle of BacteriophagesThe Reproductive Cycle of a Retrovirus—HIVWhich Human Diseases Are Caused By Viruses?How Can Viral Diseases Be Prevented and Treated?How Do New Viruses Emerge?Are There Infectious Agents Simpler Than Viruses?Introduction to Viruses - SummaryDiversity of Life: Introduction to Biological Classification By Deanne Erdmann, MSBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgWhy Do We Classify Organisms?Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships.Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms.Tacitus bellusBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgLeucaena leucocephala Lead treeClassificationBinomial NomenclatureTwo part name (Genus, species)Hierarchical ClassificationSeven Taxonomic CatagoriesSystematicsStudy of the evolution of biological diversityBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgCarolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778) Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomyBinomial NomenclatureCarolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming systemGenusNoun, Capitalized, Underlined or ItalicizedSpeciesDescriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or ItalicizedBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgHierarchical ClassificationTaxonomic categoriesKingdomKingPhylum PhilipClass CameOrder OverFamily ForGenus GreenSpecies SoupBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgKingdoms and DomainsBacteria Archaea EukaryaBacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi AnimaliaMonera Protista Plantae Fungi AnimaliaThe three-domain systemThe six-kingdom systemThe traditional five-kingdom systemBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgSystematics:Evolutionary Classification of OrganismsSystematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas.Fossil recordComparative homologiesCladisticsComparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organismsMolecular clocksBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgTaxonomic DiagramsMammals Turtles Lizards and SnakesCrocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards and SnakesCrocodiles BirdsCladogramPhylogeneticTreeBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgDichotomous Keys Identify Organisms Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary classificationDichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions.After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism.Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 32. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5BioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgThank YouThis concludes a brief review of biological classification.You may find additional information on this section of in the expanded content talks and in the notes below each slide in the slide library.BioEd OnlineBy Deanne Erdmann, MS Diversity of Life: Introduction to the Organisms BioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgIntroduction to Phylogenetic KingdomsMonera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) - Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animalsFungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell wallsPlantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing celluloseAnimalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wallBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgWhere Do Viruses Fit? Not “alive”?Not a cellNucleic acids in protein shellDo not grow, do not maintain homeostasis, and do not metabolize on their ownUse host cell to replicateLytic and Lysogenic life cyclesEarly Stage of Influenza VirusBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgStreptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis and dental caries)Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil for years)The Kingdom Monera - EubacteriaCommon name: BacteriaUnicellular prokaryotesNo introns in genomePeptidogylcan in cell wallBasic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirillaDiverse nutrition and respirationReproduce by binary fission, conjugation, transformation, and transductionBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgThe Kingdom Monera - ArchaebacteriaCell wall does not contain peptidogylcanCell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organismsGenes are interrupted by intronsClassified into three groups:Methanogens—poisoned by O2Thermaphiles—live in extreme temps.Halophiles—live in high salineBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgEcological Importance of Prokaryotes DecompositionNitrogen fixationMutualistic relationshipsParasitic relationshipsCommercial usesTreponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans BioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgEntamoeba histolyticaThe Kingdom Protista or ProtoctistaA classification problemUnicellular, colonial, and multicellular formsAutotrophic and heterotrophicSome move with flagella, pseudopods or ciliaAnimal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groupsReproduce by mitosis and meiosisBioEd Onlinewww.BioEdOnline.orgEcological Importance of ProtistsImportant foundation in food chainProduce vast amount of O2DecompositionSymbiotic relationshipsMutualisticParasiticMedicinal and Industrial UsesBioEd OnlineVolvoxColonial green algawww.BioEdOnline.orgPuffballDrops of rain trigger the release of sporesThe Kingdom FungiEukaryoticCell walls