WHAT IS COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ?QUOTES OF THE DAYTOPICSRelevant QuestionsHistory of CPAHistory of CPAWHAT IS CPA?WHAT IS CPA?WHAT IS CPA?Slide 10Slide 11PARADIGMS AND CPASlide 13PARADIGMS AND CPASlide 15CPA AS A PROFESSIONAL PRACTICESlide 17CPA AS A SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVORCPA AS A SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVORSlide 20Slide 21CPA FUTURE CHALLENGESSlide 23Slide 24WHAT IS COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ?QUOTES OF THE DAY “ Without theory, good planning is simply a random occurrence” R. Beauregard “Without practice theory is irrelevant, but practice without theory is chaos” W. GrantTOPICS•Relevant questions •History of comparative PA •What is CPA?•Paradigms and CPA •CPA as a professional practice •CPA as a scientific endeavor •The future of comparative PARelevant Questions •Why is comparisons important to the practice of PA? •What is the ultimate goal of CPA? •What is relevant to PA to compare? •What is the current state of knowledge of CPA? •What is the future of CPA?History of CPA Jreisat, using Ryan’s (1994) ideas, identifies three stage of CPA 1. Imperialist Missionary (Post WW II-1960s)2. Anti-parochial, Anti-ethnocentric (1970-1980)3. Interdependence (1980s-Present) •Heady argues that CPA started as a field focusing of development administration •The 1970s was a decade of retrenchment. Financial support dried out. Scholars begin reappraising the field. •Shift from technical assistance to action-goal oriented practiceHistory of CPA•The emergence of CPA as a field is linked to the process of decolonization and the expansion of nation-states. •CPA in its origins attempt to help develop the administrative practice of developing nations. •CPA was a “cold war” strategy to contain communism. •CPA as a field became almost irrelevant after financial support dried out because it could not established itself. •CPA shifted from the development practice into academic debate•Changes around the world (foreign debt, neoliberalism, etc.) offer a great opportunity for the revival of the field.WHAT IS CPA? •“CPA is the comparative study of institutions, process, and behaviors in many context. Context (or environment in comparative analysis generally refers to all external influences that affect management, such as societal values, norms, religion, political culture, and economy.” Jreisat (2002: 1) •“[Public] Administration is concerned with means for the achievement of prescribed ends…found in political settings. Concerned primarily with the carrying out of public policy decisions made by the authoritative decision-makers in the political system.” (Heady 1991:2]WHAT IS CPA?INSTITUTIONS •Branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) •Bureaucracies•Political Parties •Military •Civil Society PROCESSES•Policy making•Agenda setting•Decision MakingBEHAVIORS •Self-interested behavior (rent-seeking, utility maximization) •Socially motivated behaviorWHAT IS CPA? POLITICAL SYSTEM•Democratic regime •Authoritarian regimeCULTURE •Traditional •ModernECONOMY•Market driven•Command/planned •MixedPOLITICS CULTUREECONOMYINSTITUTIONSPROCESSESBEHAVIORSMarket Command /plannedDemocratic AuthoritarianTraditionalModernTHE ECOLOGICAL MODELWHAT IS CPA? •In sum CPA cannot be disentangle from politics. Politics is a key intervening variable. Thus, cross comparison of different political structure become essential to advance the knowledge and practice of PA.•Are bureaucracies the same among political systems, operating under a capitalist political economy and a democratic system? Example: USA vs. Canada •Do public administrators behavior vary under different political systems with the same level of development ? Example: India vs. China •What role does PA play under different political economies (market vs. command)? Example: USA vs. former USSRPARADIGMS AND CPA •It guides research on problems and solutions•A paradigm governs in the first instance, not a subject matter, but a group of practitioners •A paradigm commits the group of practitioners to a disciplinary matrix (methods, language, questions, values, etc.) •Paradigms are formed to share examples that result in “tacit knowledge” acquired by doing science •It is the common property of a group •Institutionalizes the way knowledge is being taught and transferredPARADIGMS AND CPA •There will be “paradigm shifts” or “paradigm competition” but never a lack of paradigm (s) unless the field becomes simply speculative and unscientific. To reject a paradigm without substitution is to reject science itself•A theory is accepted by the scientific community when it can be said to explain the phenomenon of a field better than its competitors (more theoretical leverage) •Becoming a better instrument for discovery •Becoming a better instrument to solve puzzles •Represents better what nature or society is really like.PARADIGMS AND CPA •CPA, as any other social science, is said to be pre-paradigmatic in the sense that the community of scientists has not committed to a single paradigm. That is, there is a paradigm competition. •PA scientific and professional community rely on the structural-functional dichotomyPARADIGMS AND CPA •Structures are often associated with institutions (bureaucracies) and functions with activities (interest articulation, interest aggregation, rule making, rule application, communication). •The fundamental question of structural-functionalism is: “What functions are performed by a given institutions and how?” (M. Landau cited by Heady 1991:8)CPA AS A PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE•CPA has been closely linked with international development agencies such as USAID.•The objective was to “help” developing countries to “catch-up” with the developed world by improving the practice of the public sector. •The profession’s faith went hand in hand with the commitment of developed nations to international development. •The fact that most developing nations have failed to make the leap into the league of developed nations and, many are failed states, put into question the professional practice of public administrators.CPA AS A PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE•Recently CPA has been more closely linked with IGOs such as the IMF, World Bank, UNDP in the form of technical assistance. Heady call this group international/ organization administration•The focus has becomes institution building to make