Product Engineering ProcessesBattery PrimerA short battery primerHandbook of batteries, Linden and ReddyShort Primer on BatteriesTypesPrimary (dry cell): non rechargeablelow power applicationsinfrequent useSecondary: rechargeablehigh discharge ratesfrequent useShort Primer on BatteriesSelection considerationsPhysical characteristics: size, shape weightVoltage: nominal, maximum, minimum, discharge profileLoad current: rate, constant power, constant resistance, pulsedDuty cycle: continuous, intermittent, cyclicCharge/discharge cycle: cycling (float), deep cycle, efficiency of chargingTemperature range: maximum, minimum and nominalService life: required operation timeSafety: failure rates, leakage, off-gassing, toxicity, disposalEnvironment: vibration, acceleration, orientationMaintenance: regular upkeep, replacementCost: initial, life-cycle costShort Primer on BatteriesCell voltageCell voltage00.511.522.533.544.5Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metalhydride (s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeVoltage (V)Short Primer on BatteriesSpecific energySpecific energy020406080100120140160Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metalhydride (s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeSpecific energy (Wh/kg)Short Primer on BatteriesEnergy densityEnergy density050100150200250300350400450Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metalhydride (s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeEnergy density (Wh/l)Short Primer on BatteriesSelf dischargeShelf life0102030405060Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metal hydride(s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeShelf life (months@20 Celcius)Short Primer on BatteriesEstimated cycle lifeTypical cycle life020040060080010001200Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metalhydride (s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeTypical cycle life (discharge/charge cycles)Short Primer on BatteriesTemperature rangeOperating temperature-60-40-20020406080Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metalhydride (s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeTemperature (Celcius)Short Primer on BatteriesRelative costCost05101520253035404550Alkaline (p) Lead-acid (s) Nickel-Cadmium (s) Nickel-metal hydride(s)Lithium-ion (s)Battery typeRelative cost/WhShort Primer on BatteriesVoltage and state-of-chargeShort Primer on BatteriesTemperature and energy densityShort Primer on BatteriesTemperature and shelf lifeShort Primer on BatteriesPower and discharge rate10001001010.20.11101001000Hours to dischargeWatts/litreAlkaline (p)Nickel-C admium (s)Nickel-metal hydride (s)Lithium ion (s)Short Primer on BatteriesSecondary battery comparisonadvantages disadvantages Cycle life Life (years)Lead-acid SLI (starting, lighting, ignition)low cost, high availability, high current, low temperature, good float service, maintenance freelow cycle life, shallow discharge cycles, low energy density, poor charge retention, hydrogen evolution 200-700 4Lead-acid tractionlowest cost of deep cycle systemslow energy density, less rugged, hydrogen evolution 1500 6Lead-acid stationarydesigned specifically for float charging cycleshydrogen evolution 25Lead-acid portablemaintenance free, long flat service life, low and high temperature, operates in any positionCannot be stored discharged, lower cycle life, difficult for small batteries250 8Nickel-Cadmium (sealed)rugged, excellent storage, high current, low temperature, operates in any positionhigh cost, memory effect, poor for float service500 5Nickel-metal hydriderugged, high energy density, high current, operates in any position, good cycle lifehigh cost (between Nickel-Cadmium and Lithium ion)600 5Lithium ionrugged, high energy density, high specific energy, operates in any position, good cycle life, low self dischargelower current, very high cost1000+Short Primer on BatteriesCycle life and discharge depth (lead-acid)Short Primer on BatteriesSecondary battery chargingcharge method current rate C(A) charging energy efficiencyLead-acid constant current, constant voltage 0.1 75%Nickel-Cadmium (sealed) constant current 0.3 60%Nickel-metal hydride constant current, constant voltage 0.1 60%Lithium ion constant current, constant voltage 0.2 95%Short Primer on BatteriesConstant voltage charging (lead-acid)Short Primer on BatteriesConstant current charging
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