MIT, Spring 2009 6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Charles G. Sodini Jing Kong Shaya Famini, Stephanie Hsu, Ming Tang–Lecture 1 – 6.012 Overview • Contents: – Overview of 6.012Overview of 6.012 • Reading Assignment: – Howe and Sodini, Ch. 2–Com uter revolutionOverview of 6.012 • Introductory subject to microelectronic devices and circuits • Microelectronics is the cornerstone of: – Computer revolution p – Communications revolution – Consumer Electronics revolutionMicroelectronics: cornerstone of computing revolution In last 30 years, computer performance per dollar has improved more than a million fold!Microelectronics: cornerstone of communications revolution In last 20 years, communication bandwidth through a single optical fiber has increased by ten-thousand fold.Microelectronics: cornerstone of consumer electronics revolution Low power electronics enabling a variety of portable devices Images of consumer electronics (cell phones, digital cameras, PDA) removed due to copyright restrictions.Si digital microelectronics today Take the cover off a microprocessor. What do you see? • A thick web of interconnects, many levels deep.many levels deep. • High density of very small transistors. Intel’s Pentium IV Image of Pentium microprocessor removed due to copyright restrictions.Interconnects Today, as many as 7 levels of interconnect using Cu. Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare.Transistor size scaling size of human blood cell 2-orders of magnitude reduction in transistor size in 30 years.4-orders of magnitudeIntel processors 2x/1.5year Evolution of transistor density Moore’s Law: doubling of transistor density every 1.5 years 4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.Benefits of increasing transistor integration Exponential improvements in: • system performance • cost-per-function, • power-per-function, and • system reliability. Experimental SOI microprocessor from IBM Image of microprocessor removed due to copyright restrictions.Clock speed 4-orders of magnitude improvement in 30 years.Transistor cost 3-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.Cost per function 4-order of magnitude reduction in 30 years.years.Keys to success of digital microelectronics: I. Silicon • Cheap and abundant • Amazing mechanical, chemical and electronic properties • Probably, the material best known to humankindKeys to success of digital microelectronics: II. MOSFET Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor MOSFET = switch Field-Effect Transistor Good gain, isolation, and speedModern MOSFET structure P-substrateN-wellP+ P+P+N+N+N+P-wellTiSi2Si3N4PolySi gateSTIFigure by MIT OpenCourseWare.Keys to success of digital microelectronics: MOSFET performance improves as size is decreased: • Shorter switching time • Lower power consumption III. MOSFET scalingKeys to success of digital microelectronics: IV. CMOS CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor • “Complementary” switch activates with V<0. • Logic without DC power consumption.•Keys to success of digital microelectronics: V. Microfabrication technology • Tight integration of dissimilar devices with good isolation • Fabrication of extremely small Fabrication of extremely smallstructures, precisely and reproducibly • High-volume manufacturing of complex systems with high yield. 1 Gbit DRAM from IBM Image of DRAM removed due to copyright restrictions.Keys to success of digital microelectronics: VI. Circuit engineering • Simple device models that: – are based on physics – allow analog and digital circuit design – permit assessment of impact of device variations on circuit performance • Circuit design techniques that: – are tolerant to logic level fluctuations, noise and crosstalk – are insensitive to manufacturing variations – require little power consumptionContent of 6.012 • Deals with microelectronic devices – Semiconductor physics – Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) – Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) • Deals with microelectronic circuits – Digital circuits (mainly CMOS) – Analog circuits (BJT and MOS) • The interaction of devices and circuits captured by modelsMIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu 6.012 Microelectronic Devices and Circuits Spring 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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