1NEP2292071139424DSPQues. 15NEP16418616113421DSPQues. 14NEP30521839949DSPQues. 13NEP2251585413589DSPQues. 12NEP252241508932DSPQues. 11NEP2561729211926DSPQues. 10NEP39620836195DSPQues. 9NEP32820575497DSPQues. 8NEP297214318538DSPQues. 7NEP7911675231162DSPQues. 6NEP341235176210DSPQues. 5NEP15116214315652DSPQues. 4NEP298251277517DSPQues. 3NEP1612256118927DSPQues. 2NEP18516814010767DSPQues. 1Strongly disagreeMildly disagreeUnsureMildly agreeStrongly agreeOverall, our class (top) leaned a bit more toward DSP than did the Washington State University (Dunlap) sample (bottom), but as a discerning student pointed out, both groups evince NEP attitudes (e.g., modes on NEP side of “Unsure”), except for Q. 6.:The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them.This question is ambiguous: maybe “plenty of natural resources” is interpreted as plenty of coal, oil, and timber, or maybe as plenty of solar, wind and other renewable, and “learn how to development them” can mean sustainable development.NEP13414066306DSPQues. 15NEP67951117823DSPQues. 14NEP10116166454DSPQues. 13NEP133106595227DSPQues. 12NEP123166373811DSPQues. 11NEP75131797318DSPQues. 10NEP19711647134DSPQues. 9NEP8816770466DSPQues. 8NEP2547916227DSPQues. 7NEP14497314295DSPQues. 6NEP5416067869DSPQues. 5NEP331041466826DSPQues. 4NEP17514821239DSPQues. 3NEP411297011324DSPQues. 2NEP12216744396DSPQues. 1Strongly disagreeMildly disagreeUnsureMildly agreeStrongly agreeHere are the questions again for comparison:(1) We are approaching the limit of the number of people the earth can support.(2) Humans have the right to modify the natural environment to suit their needs.(3) Humans are severely abusing the environment.(4) Human ingenuity will insure that we do NOT make the earth unlivable.(5) When humans interfere with nature it often produces disastrous consequences.(6) The earth has plenty of natural resources if we just learn how to develop them.(7) Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist.(8) The balance of nature is strong enough to cope with the impacts of modernindustrial nations.(9) Despite our special abilities, humans are still subject to the laws of nature.(10) The so-called “ecological crisis” facing humankind has been greatly exaggerated.(11) The earth is like a spaceship with limited room and resources.(12) Humans were meant to rule over the rest of nature.(13) The balance of nature is very delicate and easily upset.(14) Humans will eventually learn enough about how nature works to control it.(15) If things continue on their present course, we will soon experience a major ecological catastrophe.Theme 2: The Human Transformation of the Earth.Bio-geochemical Cycles (or Nutrient cycling)• We’ve taken up energy/radiation balance, and the hydrological cycle. Next we go into bio-geochemical cycles in which nutrients like carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus are moved around earth systems.• These elements cycle among the lithosphere (or geosphere in some diagrams), the hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. • They do so in solid, gaseous and liquid form, in varying amounts and over different rates of time (e.g., it take along time for carbon to be stored as coal). Land use change, mostly clearing forest and settlement, have caused a net flux of C from biosphere to atmosphere.Extraction and burning of fossil carbon also increases net flux to from solid earth to atmos.Though global net is still the opposite, human re-vegetation and re-forestation in some places results in local C flux back to biosphere.We’ll take up only the global carbon cycle. This diagram traces carbon fluxes (in gigatons of carbon-GtC- per year) and storages (in GtC), in and thru the solid earth, atmosphere, oceans, and bio-sphere (mostly vegetation but also animals).The Main storages of carbon in earth systems: – Gaseous in atmosphere and in solution in oceans (key is CO2 in air)– Fixed in bio-mass (wood=50% carbon)– Fixed in sedimentary layers (e.g., limestone, coal, etc. ) in lithosphere– -stored in solution in deep oceansThe Main fluxes of carbon are:• From air to biosphere, oceans, lithosphere:– photosynthesis fixes C into biomass (plants)– absorption by oceans (and storage in deep, cold ocean water)– Fixed into the bodies/shells of ocean organism (like phytoplankton, which can photosynthesize) and then fall to the ocean floor and slowly become sedimentary layers in the solid earth.2From biosphere, oceans, lithosphere to atmosphere:– Respiration (vegetation releasing carbon as it grows)– Outgassing (volcanoes, and other gases seeping out of the earth’s crust)– Release from oceans (ocean spray can move carbon back into atmosphere, up-welling can bring C-rich water up into contact with air)– Human caused (“anthropogenic”) burning and decay of biomass (forest clearing) and burning of fossil carbon like coal and oil.Result of this last one, anthropogenic flux increase, is a net increase in atmospheric storage (the basis for concerns over enhanced “greenhouse effect”)Summary: Human Interventions in Carbon Cycle:– De-vegetation (clearing forests, settlement that clears vegetation): vegetation then decays (oxidizes, releasing carbon as CO2).– Extraction and burning of sedimentary carbon (fossil fuels) increases flux to atmosphere.– Sequestering of carbon in various ways, incidental and purposeful:• we may increase vegetation in some cases (re-vegetation and aforestation) and some cropping system put more organic matter (C) into soils.• and we may preserve biomass (wood used in construction) that otherwise might have decayed and oxidized carbon into the atmosphere).Introduce the (UN) Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentThe Millennial Ecosystems Assessment is a UN project to measure the status of the world’s ecosystems, changes caused by human and natural forces, and the effects of those changes on human well being. Read more: http://www.millenniumassessment.org//en/About.Overview.aspxWe focus on just a small part of this huge effort and document:• Direct and Indirect Drivers of Ecological Change (Chap. 3--Summary)• Biodiversity (Chap. 4), sections: “Main Messages”, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.6.• Synthesis (Chap. 28)We’ll examine these two elements: the Indirect and Directrivers of ecosystem change on earth.And, of course, we’re mostly interested in anthropogenic drivers (so we’ll skip the very last bullet of “Natural, Physical and Biological