CS 63 Artificial IntelligenceToday’s classWhat is AI??HistoryElizaSlide 6Colby’s PARRYParry meets ElizaFoundations of AIBig questionsWhy pursue AI?What’s easy and what’s hard for AI?Turing TestThe Loebner contestWhat can AI systems do?What can’t AI systems do yet?Who does AI?Evolutionary optimization, virtual lifeRoboticsApplicationsAI & art: NEvArBioinformaticsInteraction: MIT Sketch TabletOther topics/paradigmsAI’s Recent SuccessesIBM’s Deep Blue versus KasparovCheckers is Solved – It’s a Draw! (July 2007)2005 DARPA Grand ChallengeStanley’s TechnologySlide 352007 DARPA Urban ChallengeSlide 37Slide 38What’s Next for AI?CS 63CS 63Artificial Artificial IntelligenceIntelligenceDr. Eric [email protected]’s class•Course overview•Introduction–Brief history of AI–What is AI? (and why is it so cool?)–What’s the state of AI now?•Lisp – a first look (if we have time)What is AI??What is AI??HistoryIt is not my aim to surprise or shock you – but the simplest way I can summarize is to say that there are now in the world machines that think, that learn and that create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until – in a visible future – the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. ~ Herbert Simon, 1957Eliza•ELIZA: A program that simulated a psychotherapist interacting with a patient and successfully passed the Turing Test. •Coded at MIT during 1964-1966 by Joel Weizenbaum.•First script was DOCTOR. –The script was a simple collection of syntactic patterns not unlike regular expressions–Each pattern had an associated reply which might include bits of the input (after simple transformations (my  your)•Weizenbaum was shocked at reactions: –Psychiatrists thought it had potential. –People unequivocally anthropomorphized. –Many thought it solved the NL problem.Eliza•I am the psychotherapist. Please, describe your problems. Each time you are finished talking, type RET twice.•i'm having a hard time with my students•Why do you say that?•well, they keep asking me for money•Maybe your plans have something to do with this.•what plans?•Is it because of your life that you say what plans?•No, it's because I didn't know what you were talking about•Is it because you didn't know what I was talking about that you came to me?•no, it's because i wanted to see if you could pass the turing test•Does it bother you that you wanted to see if I could really pass the turing test?•…..•How do you reconcile problems at school?•This is a waste of time. Good bye•My secretary will send you a bill.•I am the psychotherapist. Please, describe your problems. Each time you are finished talking, type RET twice.•i'm having a hard time with my students•Why do you say that?•well, they keep asking me for money•Maybe your plans have something to do with this.•what plans?•Is it because of your life that you say what plans?•No, it's because I didn't know what you were talking about•Is it because you didn't know what I was talking about that you came to me?•no, it's because i wanted to see if you could pass the turing test•Does it bother you that you wanted to see if I could really pass the turing test?•…..•How do you reconcile problems at school?•This is a waste of time. Good bye•My secretary will send you a bill.•This is a transcript of a conversation with an Eliza-like program found in Emacs •Try typing Meta-x doctorin your favorite Emacs.Colby’s PARRY•Kenneth Colby modeled a paranoid using the same techniques circa 1968.•PARRY has basic emotions. If it gets angry, its replies become more hostile. •In a Turing test, expert psychiatrists were unable to distinguish PARRY’s ramblings from those of real paranoids.H: Good afternoon. My name is Doctor Jones. P: Pleased to meet you. H: How are you? P: All right I guess. H: Could you tell me your name? P: Pat Smith. H: I though you might have some problems. P: I've been upset lately. H: By what? P: People get on my nerves sometimes. H: Tell me more. P: Do you know anything about bookies? ...H: Good afternoon. My name is Doctor Jones. P: Pleased to meet you. H: How are you? P: All right I guess. H: Could you tell me your name? P: Pat Smith. H: I though you might have some problems. P: I've been upset lately. H: By what? P: People get on my nerves sometimes. H: Tell me more. P: Do you know anything about bookies? ...Parry meets ElizaP: I don't understand your motives. E: Why don't you understand my motives? P: Shouldn't I be? E: Why do you say that just now? P: That's just the way it is. E: Suppose that's the way it were not. P: So? E: I am not sure I understand you fully. P: You harp on the same questions too much. E: What does that similarity suggest to you? P: I don't get you. E: Do you wish that you did get I? P: I don't understand your motives. E: Why don't you understand my motives? P: Shouldn't I be? E: Why do you say that just now? P: That's just the way it is. E: Suppose that's the way it were not. P: So? E: I am not sure I understand you fully. P: You harp on the same questions too much. E: What does that similarity suggest to you? P: I don't get you. E: Do you wish that you did get I?Foundations of AIComputerScience & EngineeringAIMathematicsCognitiveSciencePhilosophyPsychology LinguisticsBiologyEconomicsBig questions•Can machines think?•If so, how?•If not, why not?•What does this say about humans? •What does this say about the mind?Why pursue AI?•Engineering: To get machines to do a wider variety of useful things–e.g., understand spoken natural language, recognize individual people in visual scenes, find the best travel plan for your vacation, etc.•Cognitive Science: As a way to understand how natural minds and mental phenomena work–e.g., visual perception, memory, learning, language, etc.•Philosophy: As a way to explore some basic and interesting (and important) philosophical questions–e.g., the mind body problem, what is consciousness, etc.What’s easy and what’s hard for AI?•It’s been easier to mechanize many of the high-level tasks we usually associate with “intelligence” in people–e.g., symbolic integration, proving theorems, playing chess, medical diagnosis•It’s been very hard to mechanize tasks that lots of animals can do–walking around without running into