Lecture on International Cooperation September 2, 2003 - Playing Well With Others?ESPM 169: International PoliticsLecture on International Cooperation September 2, 2003 - Playing Well With Others? last week: trends pressuring the global environment: industrialization, aftermath of colonization, globalization: also growing global/environmental impact of conflict today: intro to international cooperation and international law - Simmons and Oudraat - political problems; Susskind - problems with international environmental legal processes Ice breaker exercise (separate file)International Cooperation1. What is cooperation? - Deliberate coordination of policies by national governments, usually via a treaty2. Why is cooperation necessary for global environmental protection? Environmental policy problems enhanced at the international level:- Environmental problems do not respect international boundaries - problems generated in one country affect others; problems generated by all countries affect the global ecosystem - ecological interdependence - globalization- Some countries can’t manage their own problems and need help- The lack of an overarching authority (legal and coercive) in the international system means that states need to make a deliberate effort to coordinate their policies - lack of coordination, even with good intentions, thus losing out on mutual gains - pot-luck analogy EG: food for a community dinner/potluck; what if everyone brings jello moulds? Or people free-ride? ways out of this dilemma: command and control, someone provides dinner, informal coordination - sign-up, e-mail which of these options are available/feasible internationally?Now: I'm assuming there you don't really know each other. But what if you did? This may make the coordination problem easier (groups can get together and plan; you've an interest in continuing to interact nicely) or it can make it harder (you're aware of who's richer than others, or who tends to freeload, or who has a super-fast metabolism) - in that case, more rules are needed, and more conflicts - human society: tends to be on the nicer side (but not always) - emphasis on manners, socialization - society of states: history of conflict, war, misunderstanding - therefore, knowing each other makes it harder this is a BIG difference in IR theory - camps with different views of the world - "society of states", able to be socialized vs. set of atomistic, selfish individuals - "war of all against all"3. What forms does it take on? - Regimes: governance without government - i.e. systems of agreements, rules, norms, practices governing international interaction and regulating national actions within a given issue area thus, there are regimes for biodiversity, whaling, wastes, climate change, human rights, trade, etc. Regime Components: - Conventions and Treaties (binding legal agreements between states): make up body of international environmental law2- Organizations - UNEP, IMO, IPCC- Participation is entirely voluntary. - Formal participation limited to states - Hard Law cf. Soft Law: - Soft Law or Norms: guiding ideas and principles; don't have the force of law, but may develop it; e.g. sustainable development; equityStages of negotiation: - agenda setting, negotiation, implementation and compliance, monitoring and enforcing;assessment and adjustment - Convention-Protocol Process: nested within the above process - a drawn-out process: 1. Framework Convention2. Detailed, binding protocols agreed later (egs): targets, funding (may also be done by amendment)3. Process of signature, ratification, coming into force4. Conferences of the Parties Strengths of this process: brings as many countries on board as possible; allows for the emergence and incorporation of new information - note Susskind's distinction between pragmatists and pessimists role of international organizations5. What are the obstacles to effective cooperation? 3Number of actorsstate interests and sovereignty: LCD bargainingdisadvantages poorer countriespowercapacitylack of enforcement - no dispute settlement proceduresmonitoringtoo many actors intractability of problemlong time horizonsassigning responsibility scientific uncertaintywho pays? On what basis?Distributional issuesNext Time: Biodiversity - typology - what is BD? Why is it important? What characteristics are important for the international community? What are sources of conflict around