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Cesium-137 andCesium-137 andDirty BombsDirty BombsAlex WhiteAlex WhiteCesium-137Cesium-137Usually found as Cesium ChlorideUsually found as Cesium ChlorideRadioactive IsotopeRadioactive Isotopeββ−−emitteremitterγγ-emitter-emitterProduced by Uranium fissionProduced by Uranium fissionHalf-Life of ~30 yearsHalf-Life of ~30 yearsWater SolubleWater SolubleChernobylChernobylCesium-137 UsesCesium-137 UsesSelf-Contained IrradiatorsSelf-Contained IrradiatorsBlood IrradiationBlood IrradiationPrevent graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD)Prevent graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD)30 year half-life30 year half-lifeLong lasting radiation source-GoodLong lasting radiation source-GoodCancer TreatmentCancer TreatmentIndustrial DevicesIndustrial DevicesThousands of Devices in the U.S.Thousands of Devices in the U.S.What is a Dirty Bomb?What is a Dirty Bomb?Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)Conventional Explosive + RadioactiveConventional Explosive + RadioactiveMaterialMaterialIn NO WAY similar to a Nuclear WeaponIn NO WAY similar to a Nuclear WeaponA Weapon of Mass DisruptionA Weapon of Mass DisruptionFear and Long Term ContaminationFear and Long Term ContaminationHistory of Dirty BombsHistory of Dirty BombsMoscow 1995-Chechen rebels bury radioactiveMoscow 1995-Chechen rebels bury radioactivematerial in Moscow's material in Moscow's Ismailovsky Ismailovsky Park.Park.North Carolina 1998- 19 small tubes of CesiumNorth Carolina 1998- 19 small tubes of Cesiumstolenstolen1998 1998 Chechnya-Ibragim Khultygov Chechnya-Ibragim Khultygov announcesannouncesSecurity Service team has found a containerSecurity Service team has found a containerfilled with radioactive materials and attached tofilled with radioactive materials and attached toan explosive minean explosive mineCont.Cont.1999 Chechnya- Attempted Theft of radioactive1999 Chechnya- Attempted Theft of radioactivematerialmaterial2001 Russia- 2 people hospitalized after2001 Russia- 2 people hospitalized afterplundering nuclear powered lighthouseplundering nuclear powered lighthouse2002 Chicago- Jose Padilla arrested for2002 Chicago- Jose Padilla arrested forsuspicion of planning to build and detonate asuspicion of planning to build and detonate adirty bomb in an American citydirty bomb in an American cityBased on evidence uncovered in Herat BritishBased on evidence uncovered in Herat Britishintelligence agents and weapons researchersintelligence agents and weapons researchersconclude that Al conclude that Al Qaeda Qaeda has succeeded inhas succeeded inconstructing a small dirty bombconstructing a small dirty bombEffects of a Cesium BombEffects of a Cesium BombEffects Cont.Effects Cont.Primary Deaths from ExplosivePrimary Deaths from ExplosiveLittle Risk of immediate effect of radioactiveLittle Risk of immediate effect of radioactivematerialmaterialAcute Radiation Syndrome unlikelyAcute Radiation Syndrome unlikelyRisk of long term exposure if area is notRisk of long term exposure if area is notevacuatedevacuatedRequire Decontamination or Destruction of theRequire Decontamination or Destruction of theAreaAreaRemember the 30 year half-lifeRemember the 30 year half-lifeAlternatives to CesiumAlternatives to CesiumChlorideChlorideReplace Cesium Chloride with lessReplace Cesium Chloride with lessradioactive forms of Cesium orradioactive forms of Cesium orradioactive Cobalt (shorter Half-life ~5radioactive Cobalt (shorter Half-life ~5years)years)Replace with Cesium Glass or its mineralReplace with Cesium Glass or its mineralform.form.Smaller specific activity, less radiation outputSmaller specific activity, less radiation outputCurrently more expensiveCurrently more expensiveReferencesReferences"Acute Radiation Syndrome: A Fact Sheet for Physicians." "Acute Radiation Syndrome: A Fact Sheet for Physicians." CDC RadiationCDC RadiationEmergenciesEmergencies. 10 May 2006. Center for Disease Control. 25 Feb 2008. 10 May 2006. Center for Disease Control. 25 Feb 2008<http://www.<http://www.btbt..cdccdc..gov/radiation/arsphysicianfactsheetgov/radiation/arsphysicianfactsheet.asp>.asp>"Cesium." "Cesium." CDC Emergency Preparedness & ResponseCDC Emergency Preparedness & Response. 18 Aug 2004.. 18 Aug 2004.Center for Disease Control. 22 Feb 2008Center for Disease Control. 22 Feb 2008<http://www.<http://www.btbt..cdccdc..gov/radiation/isotopes/pdf/cesiumgov/radiation/isotopes/pdf/cesium..pdfpdf>.>.Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement, NationalCommittee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement, NationalResearch Council , Research Council , Radiation Source Use and Replacement: AbbreviatedRadiation Source Use and Replacement: AbbreviatedVersionVersion. 1. Washington D.C.: The National Academic Press, 2008.. 1. Washington D.C.: The National Academic Press, 2008.““Dirty Bombs." Dirty Bombs." Council of Foreign RelationsCouncil of Foreign Relations. 19 Oct 2006. Council of. 19 Oct 2006. Council ofForeign Relations. 22 Feb 2008 <http://www.cfr.org/publication/9548/#6>.Foreign Relations. 22 Feb 2008 <http://www.cfr.org/publication/9548/#6>.Kelly, Henry. "Dirty Bombs: Response to a Threat." Kelly, Henry. "Dirty Bombs: Response to a Threat." Journal of theJournal of theFederation of American Scientists: Public Interest ReportFederation of American Scientists: Public Interest Report 55(2002): 1-12. 55(2002): 1-12."NRC: Fact Sheet on Dirty Bombs." "NRC: Fact Sheet on Dirty Bombs." United States Nuclear RegulatoryUnited States Nuclear RegulatoryCommissionCommission. 20 Feb 2007. United States Nuclear Regulatory . 20 Feb 2007. United States Nuclear Regulatory CommisionCommision..22 Feb 2008 <http://www.22 Feb 2008


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Cal Poly CHEM 349 - Cesium-137

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