1. Dutch High Vowels1.1 Shetter’s descriptive table of vowels1.2 For the term paper2. German /(/2.1 Moulton’s Description2.2 For the Term Paper3. How to Translate Symbols?4. Siptár and Törkenczy on HungarianLinguistics 103 Winter 2012 General Phonetics Hayes/Lefkowitz How Reference Sources Describe Phonemes and Allophones 1. Dutch High Vowels • William Z. Shetter (1993) Introduction to Dutch. Noordhoff, Holland: Wolters. 1.1 Shetter’s descriptive table of vowels Note: Shetter is basing his description on spelling—but Dutch spelling is close to being phonemic (one letter/digraph per phoneme) Vowel in Dutch Spelling Example Gloss Notes ie ziek hier ‘sick’ ‘here’ A high front vowel: rather short, like English seek Has about the same quality as the above, but is about twice as long when before r. oe boek boer ‘book’ ‘farmer’ A high back vowel, higher and shorter than in English boot Has the same sound as the above, but like Dutch ie, is about twice as long before r. uu minuut buur ‘minute’ ‘neighbor’ A high front-rounded vowel: the tongue in the position for ie but the lips rounded as for oe (compare French u, German ü) This is the same vowel as the above, but like Dutch ie and oe it is nearly twice as long before r. 1.2 For the term paper “The three upper high vowels of Dutch, /i/, /u/, and /y/, all have special allophones when they occur before //. In particular, each of these vowels appears as long in this position. The lengthened allophones are compared with the normal non-lengthened vowels in #52-57 on my recording: 52. /zik/ [zik] ziek ‘sick’ 53. /hi/ [hi] hier ‘here’ 54. /buk/ [buk] boek ‘book’ 55. /bu/ [bu] boer ‘farmer’ 56. /minyt/ [minyt] minuut ‘minute’ 57. /bu/ [by] buur ‘neighbor’Linguistics 103 How Reference Sources Describe Phonemes and Allophones p. 2 In the speech of my consultant Jaap, the difference is not always “almost twice as long” as Shetter reports (see spectrograms below), but it is nevertheless clearly audible.” 2. German // • Moulton, William (1962) The Sounds of English and German. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2.1 Moulton’s Description German /r/ 1. Phonetic nature. German /r/ consists of several quite distinct allophones depending in part on the individual speaker and in part on the position of /r/ in the word. … When /r/ is followed by a vowel, it is for most speakers a voiced dorso-uvular fricative …Uvular [] is articulated by raising the back of the tongue toward the uvula and the back of the velum, until a narrow slit-shaped opening is formed, and at the same time forcing the breath stream through this opening. …When /r/ is not followed by a vowel, … [ I’m simplifying a bit here ] … the allophone used is a non-syllabic vowel, … a lower mid unrounded vowel between central and back; in sound it is much like the stressed vowel of English /bt/ but. We shall symbolize it as []. Postvocalic Prevocalic Before consonant Finally Phonetically [fü:] [fü:t] [fü:] Phonemically /fü:/ /fü:t/ /fü:/ Spelling führe führt für 2.2 For the Term Paper “The // phoneme of German has two allophones. When it occurs before a vowel, it has the allophone []. But if it precedes a consonant or it as the end of a word, then it appears as a mid back unrounded semivowel, which (following Moulton), I will transcribe as []. The difference between the allophones is illustrated in #42-44 on my recording. 42. /fy/ [fy] führe ‘lead-1 sg. pres.’ 43. /fyt/ [fyt] führt ‘lead-3 sg. pres.’ 44. /fy/ [fy] für ‘for’ The distinction shows up quite clearly in Fritz’s speech.”Linguistics 103 How Reference Sources Describe Phonemes and Allophones p. 3 3. How to Translate Symbols? • Read the author’s phonetic description very carefully. • Read Geoff Pullum and William Ladusaw (1996) Phonetic Symbol Guide, 2nd edition. University of Chicago Press. It has the non-IPA symbols as well as the IPA. • Come to office hours (M 11-12, Thr. 2-3 and by appt.) 4. Siptár and Törkenczy on Hungarian • Siptár, Peter and Miklós Törkenczy (2006) Hungarian Phonology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Transcription IPA-symbol Orthographic Example gloss symbol (if different) symbol ɔ a agy ‘brain’ aː á ágy ‘bed’ ɛ e egy ‘one’ eː é ért ‘understand’ i i irt ‘eradicate’ iː í ír ‘write’ o o orr ‘nose’ o ó ól ‘sty’ ö ø ö öl ‘kill’ ö ø: ő őr ‘guard’ u u ujj ‘finger’ u ú úgy ‘like that’ ü y ü ügy ‘affair’ ü y ű űr ‘space’ Alas, no allophones— Siptár and Törkenczy’s rules all turn phonemes into other, existing phonemes, beyond the scope of your project. But the IPA Handbook (on reserve, chapter by Tamás Szende), says: “Short vowels are to some extent reduced (lax) in unstressed position; their long counterparts are realized as full (tense) vowels. Long vowels, especially high ones, shorten in unstressed closed syllables. The resulting vowel can be half-long or as short as a short vowel. A postvocalic /n/ usually nasalizes the preceding vowel.” “Word-level stress is fixed on the first syllable.” You can find the right sort of words and (since you now understand the orthography) hunt for them in a Hungarian grammar and dictionary. For instance, compare the “e” in vesz ‘buy-present’ with venni ‘buy-infinitive.’ (from Carol Rounds (2001): Hungarian: An Essential