1Copyright Baylor University 2006 1Lecture 36:Alternate Energy SourcesApproximate Runtime: 38 minutesIntroduction to EngineeringCopyright Baylor University 20062Introduction Steven Eisenbarth, Ph.D. Associate Dean of Engineering and Computer Science Baylor UniversityCopyright Baylor University 20063Alternative Energy Sources Alternative energy refers to any type of energy which is not derived from fossil fuels. Significant alternative energy sources: Bioenergy Nuclear Solar Wind Geothermal Hydroelectric Ocean Current H2Fuel Cells2Copyright Baylor University 20064Global Energy Production by Fuel Typefrom: http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2006/renewable_factsheet.pdf; copyrighted by the OECD/IEA, September 2006.Copyright Baylor University 20065Basic Building Blocks of the Universe Basic building blocks of matter Electrons, muon, and tau Neutrinos (one corresponding to electron, muon, and tau) Quarks (six types; up and down most common) Four fundamental forces of nature: Electromagnetic (photons) Strong Nuclear (gluons) Weak Nuclear (W+, W-, Z) Gravitation (Higgs boson?)Copyright Baylor University 20066What is Energy? Broad definition: The ability to do work. Comes in a wide variety of forms, for example: Nuclear Energy  Chemical Energy  Electrical Energy  Thermal Energy Radiant Energy Potential energy – a reservoir from which energy can be extracted.3Copyright Baylor University 20067Energy’s Manifestations Energy related to movement of matter: Kinetic Energy: where m is mass and v = velocity of the mass. Kinetic Energy of Rotation: where I is the moment of inertial and ω is the angular velocity. Thermal Energy: where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is absolute temperature.221mvE =kTE23=221ωIE =Copyright Baylor University 20068Energy’s Manifestations Energy related to position: Gravitational Potential Energy: Where m is mass, g is the acceleration due to local gravity at the earth’s surface, and h is height. Gravitational Potential Energy: Where E is energy, G is the gravitational constant, m and M are the two masses, and r is the distance between the masses’ center of gravity.mghE =rGmME −=Copyright Baylor University 20069Energy’s Manifestations Energy related to position: Electrostatic Potential Energy: Where q and Q are electric charges, r is the distance between the charges, and ε0is the permittivity of free space. Magnetostatic Potential Energy: Where μ is the magnetic dipole moment an B is the magnetic field strength. (This is a scalar product of two vector quantities.)rqQE04πε=Β•−=μE4Copyright Baylor University 200610Energy’s Manifestations Energy related to nature of matter: Radiant Energy (photons): Where h is Planck’s constant, and ν is frequency. Rest Mass Energy: Where m = mass and c is the speed of light. Chemical Energy: related to the chemical bonds between atoms within a molecule.hvE =2mcE =No simple formula, primarily electrostatic in nature.Copyright Baylor University 200611Energy’s Manifestations Energy related to nature of matter: Nuclear Energy (fusion): The result of strong and weak nuclear forces that bind nuclear particles. Nuclear Energy (fission): The result of strong and weak nuclear forces that bind nuclear particles.2mcE =2mcE =Copyright Baylor University 200612Energy’s Manifestations Potential energy related to elastic properties of materials. Elastic potential energy of a compressed spring: Where k is the force constant and x is the displacement from mechanical equilibrium.221kxE =5Copyright Baylor University 200613Energy Conversion Efficiency Energy Conversion Efficiency = (Energy Input / Energy Output) * 100.EnergyConversionProcessEnergy InputUsable Energy OutputEnergyLostCopyright Baylor University 200614Combustible Renewables Bio-energy refers to any type of energy derived from bio-mass. Bio-energy energy derived from the Sun which is stored within biomass Biomass includes: Agriculture and forest wastes Public wastes Animal wastesBio-energy is considered a renewable energy because its production and use operate in a cycle.Copyright Baylor University 200615Bio-Energy Production Organic fuels are produced via the photosynthesis of sunlight.  Water and Oxygen is used by Chlorophyll to convert sunlight to NADPH and ATP. Cell respiration converts water, CO2, NADPH and ATP to sugar with O2 as a bi-product. Energy associated with the forming or breaking of chemical bonds.Figure from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.htmlOverall Photosynthesis reaction:6H2O + 6CO2+ light --> C6H12O6+ 6O26Copyright Baylor University 200616Energy Crops Energy crops are bioengineered to grow bigger and faster than regular crops making them useless for any other type of application.http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/10470.jpghttp://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/Jpegs/12672.jpg Energy crops include plants, trees and other vegetation which are processed for energy.Copyright Baylor University 200617Other Biomass Agriculture and forest waste may be used to create fuels instead of allowing to it decompose. Public wastes that can be used as biomass include paper, trimmed grass, landfill gas, etc. Animal wastes, obtained mainly from farm animals, can be used for bio-energy production. In some remote locations it is used as a cooking fuel. All of these different forms of bio-mass may be used for electric energy production.http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/link4.htmCopyright Baylor University 200618Bio-Energy Conversion Biomass may be used traditionally to produce heat which can provide heating and cooking energy. Alternatively, biomass can be transformed into liquid fuels such as ethanol, bio-diesel, and methanol. These liquid fuels may be used in conjunction with other fuels to create a high-energy-content fuels. These liquid fuels produce lower levels of pollutants than traditional fossil fuels.http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/link3.htm7Copyright Baylor University 200619Bio-Energy ConversionDirect Firing Method:biomass is taken as a solid and fired to produce hot gases. The hot gases are passed through a heat exchanger which boils water to produce steam which powers turbine-driven generators.Co-Firing Method:biomass is combined with coal and used as feed to a existing coal-fired power plant. Bio-mass can represent