Lecture 16Introduction to waste disposalMunicipal Solid Waste DisposalMunicipal solid waste generation - 1995Per capita MSW generation - 1995Composition of U.S. MSW - 2000MSW generation rates in U.S. over timeRefuse generation rates in NYCChanges in MSW compositionChanges in MSW compositionChanges in MSW organic contentLandfill Age and Waste ContentU.S. MSW Disposal - 1994U.S. MSW Disposal - 2000U.S. Recycling RatesU.S. Recycling RatesU.S. Recycling RatesMSW LeachateConstruction and demolition waste leachateLeachate Quality - OrganicsLeachate Quality - OrganicsHistory of landfillTwo basic landfill conceptsHistorical perspective on waste disposalHistorical incidentsLove Canal timelineHazardous waste disposalRCRA TSD methodsRCRA land-disposal regulations (“land ban”)Hazardous Waste LandfillMedical WasteTypes of medical wasteMedical waste disposalMedical waste package treatment unitRadioactive waste (defined by origin)Low-Level Radioactive Waste DisposalYucca Mountain Repository – high-level wasteLandfill sitingConsiderations in landfill sitingRelevant issues for landfill sitingRelevant issues for landfill sitingPermits for new solid waste facilityLecture 16Introduction to waste disposalMunicipal Solid Waste DisposalSee image at the Web site of South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Division of Mining and Solid Waste Management. http://www.scdhec.net/lwm/html/plan.html. Accessed May 13, 2004.Municipal solid waste generation - 1995020406080100120140160180200CanadaMexicoUSJapanKoreaAustriaBelgiumCzech Rep.DenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeySlovakiaMillion metric tonsSource for charts: OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1997. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. 1997.Per capita MSW generation - 19950100200300400500600700800CanadaMexicoUSJapanAustraliaAustriaBelgiumCzech Rep.DenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandItalyLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyKg/capita/yearSource for charts: OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 1997. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. 1997.Composition of U.S. MSW - 2000Source: U.S. EPA, 2003. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm. February 11, 2003. Accessed: April 6, 2003.See also: U.S. EPA, 2002 Municipal Solid Waste in The United States: 2000 Facts and Figures. Report No. EPA530-R-02-001. Office of Solid Wasteand Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C. June 2002. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/report-00/report-00.pdfPaper and paperboard36%Food waste11%Plastics11%Glass6%Wood6%Rubber, Leather, and Textiles7%Yard trimmings12%Other3%Metals8%MSW generation rates in U.S. over timeSource: U.S. EPA, 2003. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm. February 11, 2003. Accessed: April 6, 2003.See image at Web site of New York City Department of Planning, Fresh Kills: Landfill to Landscape, Fresh Kills Map Viewer. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/fkl/ada/index.html. Accessed May 13, 2004.Refuse generation rates in NYC100050001900 1920 1940Refuse Disposal Rate (kg/capita/yr)1960 1980 2000Adapted from: Walsh, D. C. "Urban Residential Refuse Composition and Generation Rates forthe 20th Century." Environmental Science & Technology 36, no. 22 (October 2002): 4936.Without AshTotalChanges in MSW composition01020304050607080901900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Mass fraction (percent)AshPaperSource of data: Walsh, D. C., 2002. Urban Residential Refuse Composition and Generation Rates for the 20th Century. Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 36, No. 22, Pg. 4936. October 2002.Changes in MSW compositionSource of data: Walsh, D. C., 2002. Urban Residential Refuse Composition and Generation Rates for the 20th Century. Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 36, No. 22, Pg. 4936. October 2002.05101520251900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Mass fraction (percent)FoodPlasticMetalGlassChanges in MSW organic contentSource of data: Walsh, D. C., 2002. Urban Residential Refuse Composition and Generation Rates for the 20th Century. Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 36, No. 22, Pg. 4936. October 2002.01020304050607080901900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Organic matter mass fraction (percent)Landfill Age and Waste Content0The variation in volatile solids (a) and cellulose-to-lignin ratio (b)in samples of different age recovered from the Fresh Kills Landfill.Volatile SolidsCellulose/lignin16324864A800.01960 1965Year1970 1975 1980 1985 19900.81.62.43.24.0BAdapted from: Suflita, J. M., C. P. Gerba, R. K. Ham, A. C. Palmisano and J. A. R. W. L. Rathje. "TheWorld's Largest Landfill." Environmental Science & Technology 26, no. 8 (1992): 1486.4%16%20%61%CompostingIncinerationLandfillRecyclingU.S. MSW Disposal - 1994As of 1990, there were approximately 6,500 landfill in the U.S.Sources: Franklin Associates, Ltd., 1998. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update. Report No. EPA 530-R-98-007. Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.U.S. EPA, 2000. Environmental Fact Sheet, Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 1998. Report No. EPA530-F-00-024, Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.7%15%23%55%CompostingIncinerationLandfillRecyclingU.S. MSW Disposal - 2000As of 2000, there were approximately 2000 landfill in the U.S.U.S. Recycling RatesSource: U.S. EPA, 2003. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm. February 11, 2003. Accessed: April 6, 2003.U.S. Recycling RatesSource: U.S. EPA, 2003. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/facts.htm. February 11, 2003. Accessed: April 6, 2003.U.S. Recycling Rates051015202530354045501980 1985 1990 1995 2000Percent recycledPaperGlassMSW LeachateTypical Chemical Concentrations in Young Landfill LeachateCODParameterBOD5Leachate Concentration(mg/L)Typical Sewage Concentration(mg/L)Typical GroundwaterConcentration(mg/L)TOCVolatile fatty acids(as acetic)NH3-NOrg-NNO3-N20,000-40,00010,000-20,0009,000-15,0009,000-25,0001,000-2,000500-1,0000350250100501510020050005Adapted from: McBean, E. A., F. A. Rovers, and G. J. Farquhar. Solid Waste Landfill Engineering and Design. Englewood Cliffs,