TimelinefortheLifeandCareerofAugustusALLDATESBCE:63: Octavian born September 23rd at Rome to Gaius Octavius and Atia, niece ofJuliusCaesar60: FirstTriumvirateofPompey,CrassusandCaesar53: CrassusdefeatedandkilledbytheParthiansatCarrhae50: OctaviandeliversthefuneralorationforhisgrandmotherJulia49: Caesar crosses the Rubicon in Italy, precipitating civil war; Pompey and theSenatefleetoGreece48:¾ BattleofPharsalus:Caesarvictorious;PompeymurderedinEgypt¾ October18:Octavianassumesthetogavirilisandlegallyentersintomanhood45: Octaviancampaigns(at17)inSpainwithJuliusCaesar:BattleofMunda44:¾ March15:assassinationofCaesar;Caesar’swill names Octavian as principalheirandadoptedson¾ Early May: meets with Antony in Rome and attempts to collect his legacyfromAntony(whohasseizedCaesarʹspapersandfortune).43:¾ April14:BattleatForumGallorum(OctaviandefeatsAntony)¾ April14‐27:Octavian,investedwithpropraetorianimperium ,leadslegionsinBattleatMutina,alongwithconsulsHirtiusandPansa¾ April21:AntonydefeatedatMutina¾ May24:AntonyandLepidusjoinforces¾ August 19: Octavian and his cousin (Caesarʹs nephew) Quintus Pediusbecome suffect consuls; Octavian recognized as Julius Caesarʹs adoptive sonundernameGaiusJuliusCaesarOctavianus¾ October: Octavian meets with Antony and Lepidus near Bononia and formtheSecondTriumvirate(triumviri,or“threemen”)¾ November27: Second Triumvirate legislated atRome, for 5 yearsvia the lexTitia. Beginning of the proscriptions; the ancient sources provide figures forthenumberswhowereexecutedandwhosepropertywasseized:o 130+senators(Livy)o 200senators+2000equites(Appian)o 300senators+3000equites(Plutarch)o Only one ex‐consul known (Cicero), out of nearly 100 knownnames42:¾ January1:JuliusCaesarisproclaimedagod,thusmakingOctaviandivifilius(“sonofthegod”)¾ October23:Antony andOctavianavenge Caesarʹsassassination at theBattleofPhilippi41/0: OctaviandefeatsAntonyʹsbrotherandwife,LuciusAntoniusandFulvia40: Treaty of Brundisium among the triumviri: Octavian gets the West, Antony theEast,LepidusAfrica.AntonymarriesOctavianʹssisterOctavia.39: Treaty of Tarentum: Antony and Octavian cede Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica toSextus Pompey. Octavian marries Scribonia, a relative of Sextus Pompey, withwhomhehasonedaughter,Julia.38: Octavian fights two indecisive sea battles with Sextus Pompey; divorcesScriboniauponthebirthofJuliaandmarriesLivia(whoispregnantwithDrusus;Tiberiusisthreeyearsold).TheTriumvirateʹsmandaterunsout.37: SecondTriumvirate renewedforfivemoreyears.AgrippatrainsanewfleetnearNaples.AntonymarriesCleopatraandstartshisdisastrousParthiancampaign.36: Octavian,withthehelpofAgrippaandLepidus,defeatsSextusPompeyinSicily;LepidusattemptstotakeoverSicily,butinsteadloseshispositionastriumvirandissentintoexile.OctaviannowcontrolstheWest,AntonytheEast.34: AntonybreakswithRomeandOctavianforgood;holdsatriumphinAlexandriato celebrate his so‐called victory in Armenia; divorcesOctavianʹs sister Octavia.“Donations of Alexandria”: Antony divides eastern empire among Cleopatraʹschildren,declaresOctavianausurperofCaesarʹsrightfulheir,Caesarion,sonofCaesarandCleopatra.33: SecondTriumviraterunsoutagain;OctaviancampaignsinIllyria32: OctavianreadsAntonyʹswill(whichagaindeclaresCaesarionasCaesarʹslawfulheir) in the Senate. The Senate declares war on Egypt and authorizes Octavian(whocurrentlyholdsnomagisterialoffice)asduxorleaderofthewareffort.31: Octavian(nowconsulforthethirdtime)andAgrippaarevictoriousoverAntonyandCleopatraatActium.30: OctavianandhisforcestakeAlexandria;AntonyandCleopatracommitsuicide29: OctaviancelebratesatripletriumphatRome(Illyria,ActiumandAlexandria)onthreesuccessivedays,August13‐15,andattributesthesuccesstoApollo.28: OctaviandedicatesatempletoApolloonthePalatineHillnexttohishome.27: OctavianʺhandstheRepublicbacktothepeopleʺandinreturnreceivesthetitleAugustus and a proconsular province including Spain, Gaul, Syria and Egypt.Lex de imperio gives him imperium for ten years. His virtues are commemoratedonagoldenshield(clipeumvirtutis)setupatthesenatehouse(CuriaJulia)intheRomanForum.25: AugustusmarrieshisdaughterJuliatoMarcellus(hissisterOctaviaʹsson)23: ¾
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