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UD CIEG 125 - Introduction to Structural Engineering

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9/21/2005 1Introduction to Structural Engineering CIEG-125 Introduction to Civil EngineeringFall 2005Lecture 3Today’s class• Group 3 and 4 ethics presentations• Structural Engineering – introduction• Forces and Loads• EquilibriumOutline• Objective of Structural Engineering• Structural Engineering Process• Types of loads• Types of structures• Load paths in structures• SummaryCivil Engineering Subdisciplines• Structural• Geotechnical• Environmental• Transportation• Construction• Coastal…..Objectives of Structural Engineering Structural engineering is the science and art of designing and making, with economy and elegance, buildings, bridges, frameworks, and other structures so that they can safely resist the forces to which they may be subjected.The Structural Engineer, Official Journal of the British Institute of Structural EngineersStructural Engineering Process• Determine types magnitudes of loads• Determine structural context • geometric and geological information• cost / schedule / height/ etc. limitations• Generate alternative structural systems• Analyze one or more alternatives• Select and perform detailed design • Implement (usually done by contractor)9/21/2005 2Types of loads• Dead loads• Live loads • Dynamic loads (e.g., trains, equipment)• Wind loads• Earthquake loads• Thermal loads• Settlement loadsDead Loads• weight of the structure itself• floors, beams, roofs, decks, beams/stringers, superstructure• loads that are “always there”Photos courtesy of Corel, Inc.Live Loads• People, furniture, equipment• Loads that may move or change mass or weight• Minimum design loadings are usually specified in the building codePhoto courtesy of Corel, Inc.Photo courtesy of Prof. P. SteifLoad Example: Live Load in BallroomLive Load = 100 lb/ft^2BallroomDynamic Loads• Moving loads (e.g. traffic)• Impact loads• Gusts of wind• Loads due to cycling machineryPhoto courtesy of Corel, Inc.Load Example: Dynamic LoadHVACFt9/21/2005 3Load Example: Water in a damWater,ρ = densityhp = ρghPhoto courtesy of Corel, Inc.Earthquake Loads• Structure loaded when base is shaken• Response of structure is dependent on the frequency of motion• When frequencies match with natural frequency of structure - resonanceLoad Example: Earthquake LoadBase MotionEarthquake LoadEarthquake LoadStructural Engineering International, Vol 5, No 1, 1995, pp.13Photo courtesy of Corel, Inc.SettlementStructural Engineering International, Vol 7, No 3, 1997, pp.202J. Garrett9/21/2005 4Some Types of Structures• Arch• Planar Truss• Beam/Girder• Braced Frame• Rigid Frame• Space Truss• Cable Suspended StructureArchPhotos courtesy of Corel, Inc.J. GarrettPlanar TrussPhotos courtesy of Corel, Inc.Beam/Girder9/21/2005 5Photos courtesy of Corel, Inc. Photo courtesy of Prof. P. SteifFramesBracedRigidCable Suspended StructureCable Stayed Bridge9/21/2005 6Load Paths in Structures• Load Path is the term used to describe the path by which loads are transmitted to the foundations• Different structures have different load paths• Some structures have only one path• Some have several (redundancy good)Load Path in Framed StructureLoad Path in a Tied ArchCourtesy of Pennsylvania Department of TransportationSummary• Structural Engineering:• identifies loads to be resisted• identifies alternatives for providing load paths (arch, truss, frame, ...)• designs structure to provide safe and economical load paths (material, size, connections)• to be economical and safe, we must be able to predict what forces are in


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