Concourse 9.00 - Introduction to Psychology The almost Homeric Final for 1998 In 1607, Claudio Monteverdi wrote "Orfeo". It is usually considered to be the first opera in the modern sense of the word. Sometime after 1640 but, one assumes, before his death in 1643, Monteverdi wrote "The Return of Ulysses to His Country", an opera narrating the final part of the story of Ulysses' efforts to get home from the Trojan war. The opera provides the story line for this final. As usual, you do not need to know opera, Homer, Greek history, etc. If a question seems confusing, just ask about it. Use the back of the paper if you need to. Just tell us where to find the answer. You should have plenty of time to complete this. Good luck. 1. (6 pts) The opera opens with a character called "Human Frailty" singing that he is too weak to resist the forces that assail him. Different personifications appear to sing about their power over man. In the opera the forces are Time, Love, and Fortune. Let's consider some other forces that might have power over us (Pick one letter per blank). If Monteverdi had been a behaviorist like Skinner, he might have added ______. If he was a Freudian, he might have included _____. If he was an evolutionary psychologist, he might have included ______. Put the appropriate letters in the appropriate spaces a. neurotransmitter depletion b. environmental forces c. repressed desires d. recovered memories e. reproduction f. free will g. circadian rhythms 2. (15) That was just a brief prologue. The opera begins with Penelope, the wife of Ulysses and Queen of Ithaca, singing "Sorrow and trouble never end for me, miserable queen." She is depressed. According to her first aria, she has been depressed for more than 20 years. Her problem is that the Trojan War ended 20 years ago and Ulysses has not yet made it home. She is still waiting. Classically, Penelope is the model of a faithful wife. In our less heroic days, her friends might suggest that she needs some treatment to allow her to get on with her life. Suppose we decided that she was clinically depressed. Please describe two possible treatments for depression (describe...don't just name them.). Please explain which of these would be more appropriate in this case. 3. (5) Penelope's other problem is that she has a lot of house guests. Various suitors want to marry her. They figure that Ulysses is long dead and that Ithaca needs a king. Antinous, one of the suitors, really loves Penelope. She does not love him. However, he is convinced that she does love him. Freud might consider this error of thought to be a defense mechanism, protecting Antinous against the unacceptable thought that his love is not returned. This defensemechanism would be called" a) projection b) reaction formation c) rationalization d) hysteria e) ego submlimation f) subduction g) Homeric 4. (10) In the next scene, we meet Melantho, Penelope's maid, and Eurymachus, a servant of the suitors. They have a less complicated love life. He loves her. She loves him. They sing a lot about it. For our purposes, the interesting fact is that they found each other, two servants. He isn't trying to impress the Queen. She is not chasing after one of the high-born suitors. This seems to be an example of the old adage "birds of a feather flock together." In fact, individuals who are similar have better fortunes as romantic partners than do individuals who differ in wealth, beauty, intelligence, etc. Please explain this in terms of Social Exchange Theory. If you know nothing about Social Exchange Theory, say something about this topic that sound like you learned it in this course and pray for partial credit. 5. (10) There is one dimension in which partners do not look for an exact match. On average, males seek mates who are slightly younger than they are and, conveniently enough, females seek mates who are slightly older on average. Please offer an explanation of this fact in terms of Evolutionary Psychology. Again, if you have no idea what Evolutionary Psychology might say about this topic, find something good to say from elsewhere in Psychology. 6. (5) Ulysses is not dead (You probably guessed that.) In fact, he is asleep on the shore not too far away. He has just been dropped off by the Phaeacians...but that is another story. Anyway, he is asleep. Which of the following must be true if he is asleep, regardless of the type of sleep. Pick as many as apply. a) His muscles would be flaccid (low muscle tone, sleep paralysis). b) His eyes movements would be conjugate (eyes move together). c) His must be at or near the nadir of his circadian rhythm. d) He must show reduced hypothalamic activity.e) He must show elevated parietal lobe activity. f) He must not be a real macho hero because real guys don't sleep. g) None of the above. 7. (10) Ulysses sees a young shepherd and asks him for some information because "he can have no dishonesty in his heart who has no hair upon his chin". Suppose that this shepherd boy sees Ulysses. He realizes that this is an old, shipwrecked guy asking for help. The decision about helping is a moral decision. Babies do not enter the world with a fully formed morality. Moral reasoning develops. Please describe some of the factors that influence moral development. Please define and use the empathy, internalized, and the principle of minimal sufficiency (550-551). If you don't know some or all of these terms, say something about moral development and hope for the best. 8. (5) Ulysses asks the boy where he is. The boy says that this is Ithaca. Ulysses is thrilled to find out that he is home, at last. He is even more amazed when the "boy" turns out to be the Goddess Athena in disguise. She tells him that he will be disguised as an old man until he can see what has been happening at home. She tells him to stick his head in a nearby spring in order to effect this disguise. He does but, Athena was not paying full attention. She inadvertently inactivates his right parietal lobe. Which of the following are likely consequences (Pick as many as you like). a. He would show neglect for the right side of space. b. He would show neglect for the left side of space. c. Because of inactivation of motor cortex, he would show paralysis of the right side of his body. d.Because of inactivation of motor cortex, he would show paralysis of the left