BIOL 2304 / 2101 LAB OBJECTIVESFOR PRACTICAL 2Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone page 131.Examine the bone histology model and locate the following structures:a. periosteumb. Sharpey’s fibersc. compact bone (4x, 10x, 40x)d. circumferential lamellaee. osteon (Haversian system)f. central (Haversian) canalg. concentric lamellaeh. collagen fibersi. osteocytesj. lacunaek. canaliculil. perforating (Volkmann’s) canalm. spongy bonen. trabeculaeo. interstitial lamellaeOverview of the Skeleton page 147.Locate and be able to identify the following types of bone markings: tuberosity crest trochanter line tubercle epicondyle spineprocess head facets condyle meatus sinus fossa groove fissure foramen notchpage 1Be able to identify the following parts of a typical long bone. Page. 128.a. diaphysis b. epiphysis c. periosteum d. articular surfacee. medullary cavityf. endosteumg. compact boneh. spongy boneThe Axial Skeleton page 149.Locate and be able to identify these bones & bone markings of the skull. Be able to identify them on skulls, diagrams similar to those in your lab manual, and,where appropriate, half-head models.a. cranium1) frontal bone2) parietal bone3) temporal bone external auditory meatus styloid process zygomatic process mastoid process mandibular fossa4) occipital bone foramen magnum occipital condyles5) sphenoid bone greater wings lesser wings sella turcica optic foramen pterygoid process foramen:rotundum, ovale, spinosum6) ethmoid bone crista galli cribriform plate perpendicular plate7) sutures sagittal suture coronal suture squamous suture lambdoidal suturepage 2b. facial bones1) mandible body ramus mandibular condyle coronoid process alveoli in alveolar margin2) maxilla alveoli in alveolar margin palatine process3) palatine bone4) zygomatic bone5) lacrimal bone6) nasal bone7) vomer8) inferior nasal conchac. paranasal sinuses (Look for these also on half-head models & diagrams)1) frontal sinuses2) maxillary sinuses3) ethmoid sinuses4) sphenoid sinusLocate and be able to identify the hyoid bone (Look for this on torso models, articulated skeletons, and as a disarticulated bone. Page.163.Locate and be able to identify these bones and bone markings of the vertebral column. Be able to identify them on articulated skeletons and asdisarticulated bones. Page. 168.a. individual vertebra1) body2) vertebral arch3) vertebral foramen4) processes transverse process spinous process superior articular process inferior articular process5) intervertebral foramen (see articulated vertebral column)b. intervertebral disks: note their location on articulated skeletonpage 3c. specific vertebrae1) cervical (C1-C7) atlas (C1) axis (C2) dens or odontoid process transverse foramen bifurcated spinous process2) thoracic (T1-T12) costal facets = costal demifacets3) lumbar (L1-L5)4) sacrum sacral foramina5) coccyxLocate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the bony thorax. Be able toidentify these on the articulated skeletons. Page. 171.a. sternum1) manubrium2) body or gladiolus3) xiphoid processb. ribs1) vertebrosternal ribs = true ribs2) false ribsvertebrochondral ribsvertebral ribs = floating ribspage 4The Appendicular Skeleton page 179.Locate and be able to identify these bones and bone markings of the shoulder girdle. Be ableto identify them on articulated skeletons and as disarticulated bones.a. clavicleb. scapula acromion coracoid process glenoid fossa = glenoid cavity spine borders: axillary (lateral), vertebral (medial), superiorLocate and be able to identify these bones & bone markings of the upper extremity. Be able to identify them on the articulated skeletons and as disarticulated bones.a. humerus head capitulum trochlea olecranon fossa deltoid tuberosityb. radius head radial tuberosity styloid processc. ulna olecranon process trochlear notch styloid processd. carpalse. metacarpalsf. phalangesLocate and be able to identify these bones and bone markings of the pelvic girdle. Be able toidentify them on articulated skeletons and as disarticulated bones.a. os coxa = coxal bones acetabulum pubic symphysis sacroiliac joint obturator foramen iliumiliac crestgreater sciatic notch ischiumischial tuberosity pubispubic symphysispage 5Compare and contrast the bony pelvis of a male and a female. Be able to identify and point out the distinguishing characteristics of each. Page. 189.Locate & be able to identify these bones & bone markings of the lower extremities. Be able to identify them on articulated skeletons and as disarticulated bones.a. femur head neck trochanters: greater and lesser condyles: medial and lateralb. tibia condyles: medial and lateral anterior crest (also called tibial crest) tibial tuberosity medial malleolusc. fibula head lateral malleolusd. patellae. tarsals talus calcaneus f. metatarsalsg. phalangesThe Fetal Skull Locate and be able to identify these structures. Be able to identify them on a fetal skull and a diagram similar to the one in your lab manual.a. fontanels: frontal (anterior) fontanel occipital (posterior) fontanel sphenoidal fontanel (anteriolateral) mastoid fontanel (posteriolateral)Articulations page 200.Be able to recognize these parts of a knee joint on models and diagrams. a. articular capsule [also look at hip joint & shoulder joint models]b. synovial membrane c. bursaed. medial and lateral meniscie. anterior and posterior cruciate ligamentsf. tibial and fibular collateral ligamentsg. patellar ligamenth. articular cartilagesi. tendon of quadriceps femorispage 6Skeletal Muscle (pages 131-136) 14.1: Be able to identify these parts of a skeletal muscle on models and diagrams:a. tendonb. aponeurosisc. fascicle14.2: Be able to identify these parts of a skeletal muscle on a microscope slide of a cross-section of skeletal muscle:a. fascicleb. epimysiumc. perimysiumd. endomysium14.3: Be able to identify these parts of a muscle cell on the muscle cell model or diagram:a. sarcolemmab. motor end platec. myofibrild. sarcomeree. endomysiumpage 7BIOL 2304 / 2101 LAB OBJECTIVESFOR PRACTICAL 2/Muscles1. Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models each of the specific muscle tissue types and the microstructure of eachskeletal muscle